Human Notch and Delta binding domains in toporythmic proteins, and methods based thereon

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to nucleotide sequences of the human Notch and Delta genes, and amino acid sequences of their encoded proteins, as well as fragments thereof containing an antigenic determinant or which are functionally active. The invention is also directed to fragments (termed herein &#34;adhesive fragments&#34;), and the sequences thereof, of the proteins (&#34;toporythmic proteins&#34;) encoded by toporythmic genes which mediate homotypic or heterotypic binding to toporythmic proteins. Toporythmic genes, as used herein, refers to the genes Notch, Delta, and Serrate, as well as other members of the Delta/Serrate family which may be identified, e.g., by the methods described herein. Analogs and derivatives of the adhesive fragments which retain binding activity are also provided. Antibodies to human Notch and to adhesive fragments are additionally provided. In specific embodiments, the adhesive fragment of Notch is that fragment comprising the Notch sequence most homologous to Drosophila Notch EGF-like repeats 11 and 12; the adhesive fragment of Delta mediating heterotypic binding is that fragment comprising the sequence most homologous to Drosophila Delta amino acids 1-230; the adhesive fragment of Delta mediating homotypic binding is that fragment comprising the sequence most homologous to Drosophila Delta amino acids 32-230; and the adhesive fragment of Serrate is that fragment comprising the sequence most homologous to Drosophila Serrate amino acids 85-283.

Pursuant to the provisions of 35 U.S.C. §202(c), it is hereby acknowledged that the Government has certain rights in this invention, which was made in part with funds from the National Institutes of Health.

This invention was made in part with government support under Grant numbers GM 29093 and NS 26084 awarded by the Department of Health and Human Services. The government has certain fights in the invention.

This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/695,189 filed May 3, 1991, now abandoned.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction

2. Background of the Invention

3. Summary of the Invention

3.1. Definitions

4. Description of the Figures

5. Detailed Description of the Invention

5.1. Identification of and the Sequences of Toporythmic Protein Domains that Mediate Binding to Toporythmic Protein Domains

5.2. The Cloning and Sequencing of Human Notch and Delta

5.3. Identification of Additional Members of the Delta/Serrate Family

5.4. The Expression of Toporythmic Genes

5.4.1. Identification and Purification of the Expressed Gene Product

5.5. Generation of Antibodies to Toporythmic Proteins and Adhesive Sequences Thereof

6. Molecular Interactions between the Protein Products of the Neurogenic Loci Notch and Delta, Two EGF-Homologous Genes in Drosophila

6.1. Experimental Procedures

6.1.1. Expression Constructs

6.1.2. Antibody Preparation

6.1.3. Cell Culture and Transfection

6.1.4. Aggregation Assays

6.1.5. Immunofluorescence

6.1.6. Cell Lysates, Immunoprecipitations, and Western Blots

6.2. Results

6.2.1. The Expression of Notch and Delta in Cultured Cells

6.2.2. Cells That Express Notch and Delta Aggregate

6.2.3. Notch-Delta Mediated Aggregation is Calcium Dependent

6.2.4. Notch and Delta Interact within a Single Cell

6.2.5. Interactions with Delta Do Not Require the Intracellular Domain of Notch

6.2.6. Notch and Delta Form Detergent Soluble Intermolecular Complexes

6.3. Discussion

7. EGF Repeats 11 and 12 of Notch are Required and Sufficient for Notch-Delta-Mediated Aggregation

7.1. Experimental Procedures

7.1.1. Expression Constructs

7.1.2. Cell Culture and Transfection

7.1.3. Aggregation Assay and Immunofluorescence

7.2. Results

7.2.1. EGF Repeats 11 and 12 of Notch are Required for Notch-Delta Mediated Aggregation

7.2.2. EGF Repeats 11 and 12 of Notch are Sufficient for Notch-Delta Mediated Aggregation

7.2.3. EGF Repeats 11 and 12 of Notch Maintain the Calcium Dependence of Notch-Delta Mediated Aggregation

7.2.4. The Delta Binding Function of EGF Repeats 11 and 12 of Notch is Conserved in the Xenopus Homolog of Notch

7.3. Discussion

8. The Amino-Terminus of Delta is an EGF-Binding Domain that Interacts with Notch and Delta

8.1. Materials and Methods

8.1.1. Cell Lines

8.1.2. Immunological Probes

8.1.3. Expression Vector Constructs

8.1.4. Aggregation Protocols

8.2. Results

8.2.1. Amino-Terminal Sequences within the Delta Extracellular Domain are Necessary and Sufficient for the Heterotypic Interaction with Notch

8.2.2. Amino-Terminal Sequences within the Delta Extracellular Domain are Necessary for Homotypic Interaction

8.3. Discussion

8.3.1. Amino-Terminal Sequences Unrelated to EGF are Involved in the Interaction Between Delta and Notch

8.3.2. Delta Sequences Required for Homotypic and Heterotypic Interactions Appear to be Coincident

8.3.3. The Delta Amino Terminus Constitutes an EGF-Binding Motif

8.3.4. Delta Sequences Involved in the Delta-Notch Interaction are Conserved in the Serrate Protein

8.3.5. Cis and Trans Interactions Between Delta and Notch may Involve Different Sequences within Notch

8.3.6. Prospects for Interactions Analogous to the Delta-Notch Interaction in Vertebrates

9. The Cloning, Sequencing, and Expression of Human Notch

10. Deposit of Microorganisms

1. INTRODUCTION

The present invention relates to the human Notch and Delta genes and their encoded products. The invention also relates to sequences (termed herein "adhesive sequences") within the proteins encoded by toporythmic genes which mediate homotypic or heterotypic binding to sequences within proteins encoded by toporythmic genes. Such genes include but are not limited to Notch, Delta, and Serrate.

2. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Genetic analyses in Drosophila have been extremely useful in dissecting the complexity of developmental pathways and identifying interacting loci. However, understanding the precise nature of the processes that underlie genetic interactions requires a knowledge of the biochemical properties of the protein products of the genes in question.

Null mutations in any one of the zygotic neurogenic loci--Notch (N), Delta (Dl), mastermind (mam), Enhancer of Split (E(spl)), neuralized (neu), and big brain (bib)--result in hypertrophy of the nervous system at the expense of ventral and lateral epidermal structures. This effect is due to the misrouting of epidermal precursor cells into a neuronal pathway, and implies that neurogenic gene function is necessary to divert cells within the neurogenic region from a neuronal fate to an epithelial fate. Studies that assessed the effects of laser ablation of specific embryonic neuroblasts in grasshoppers (Doe and Goodman 1985, Dev. Biol. 111, 206-219) have shown that cellular interactions between neuroblasts and the surrounding accessory cells serve to inhibit these accessory cells from adopting a neuroblast fate. Together, these genetic and developmental observations have led to the hypothesis that the protein products of the neurogenic loci function as components of a cellular interaction mechanism necessary for proper epidermal development (Artavanis-Tsakonas, 1988, Trends Genet. 4, 95-100).

Sequence analyses (Wharton et al., 1985, Cell 43, 567-581; Kidd et al., 1986, Mol. Cell. Biol. 6, 3094-3108; Vassin et al., 1987, EMBO J. 6, 3431-3440; Kopczynski et al., 1988, Genes Dev. 2, 1723-1735) have shown that two of the neurogenic loci, Notch and Delta, appear to encode transmembrane proteins that span the membrane a single time and suggest that these proteins could function in cell-cell interactions. The Notch gene encodes a ˜300 kd protein (we use "Notch" to denote this protein) with a large N-terminal extracellular domain that includes 36 epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like tandem repeats followed by three other cysteine-rich repeats, designated Notch/lin-12 repeats (Wharton et al., 1985, Cell 43, 567-581; Kidd et al., 1986, Mol. Cell Biol. 6, 3094-3108; Yochem et al., 1988, Nature 335, 547-550). Delta encodes a ˜100 kd protein (we use "Delta" to denote DLZM, the protein product of the predominant zygotic and maternal transcripts; Kopczynski et al., 1988, Genes Dev. 2, 1723-1735) that has nine EGF-like repeats within its extracellular domain (Vassin et al., 1987, EMBO J. 6, 3431-3440; Kopczynski et al., 1988, Genes Dev. 2, 1723-1735). Although little is known about the functional significance of these repeats, the EGF-like motif has been found in a variety of proteins that interact with other proteins, including those involved in the blood clotting cascade (Furie and Furie, 1988, Cell 53, 505-518). In particular, this motif has been found in extracellular proteins that bind to other proteins, such as the blood clotting factors IX and X (Rees et al., 1988, EMBO J. 7, 2053-2061; Furie and Furie, 1988, Cell 53, 505-518), in other Drosophila genes (Knust et al., 1987, EMBO J. 761-766; Rothberg et al., 1988, Cell 55, 1047-1059), and in some cell-surface receptor proteins, such as thrombomodulin (Suzuki et al., 1987, EMBO J. 6, 1891-1897) and LDL receptor (Sudhof et al., 1985, Science 228, 815-822). A protein binding site has been mapped to the EGF repeat domain in at least two such proteins, thrombomodulin and urokinase (Kurosawa et al., 1988, J. Biol. Chem 263, 5993-5996; Appella et al., 1987, J. Biol. Chem. 262, 4437-4440).

An intriguing array of interactions between Notch and Delta mutations has been described (Vassin, et al., 1985, J. Neurogenet. 2, 291-308; Shepard et al., 1989, Genetics 122, 429-438; Xu et al., 1990, Genes Dev., 4, 464-475). A number of genetic studies (summarized in Alton et al., 1989, Dev. Genet. 10, 261-272) has indicated that the gene dosages of Notch and Delta in relation to one another are crucial for normal development. A 50% reduction in the dose of Delta in a wild-type Notch background causes a broadening of the wing veins creating a "delta" at the base (Lindsley and Grell, 1968, Publication Number 627, Washington, D.C., Carnegie Institute of Washington). A similar phenotype is caused by a 50% increase in the dose of Notch in a wild-type Delta background (a "Confluens" phenotype; Welshons, 1965, Science 150, 1122-1129). This Delta phenotype is partially suppressed by a reduction in the Notch dosage. Recent work in our laboratories has shown that lethal interactions between alleles that correlate with alterations in the EGF-like repeats in Notch can be rescued by reducing the dose of Delta (Xu et al., 1990, Genes Dev. 4, 464-475). Xu et al. (1990, Genes Dev. 4, 464-475) found that null mutations at either Delta or mam suppress lethal interactions between heterozygous combinations of certain Notch alleles, known as the Abruptex (Ax) mutations. Ax alleles are associated with missense mutuations within the EGF-like repeats of the Notch extracellular domain (Kelley et al., 1987, Cell 51, 539-548; Hartley et al., 1987, EMBO J. 6, 3407-3417).

Notch is expressed on axonal processes during the outgrowth of embryonic neurons (Johansen et al., 1989, J. Cell Biol. 109, 2427-2440; Kidd et al., 1989, Genes Dev. 3, 1113-1129).

A recent study has shown that certain Ax alleles of Notch can severely alter axon pathfinding during sensory neural outgrowth in the imaginal discs, although it is not yet known whether aberrant Notch expression in the axon itself or the epithelium along which it grows is responsible for this defect (Palka et el., 1990, Development 109, 167-175).

3. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to nucleotide sequences of the human Notch and Delta genes, and amino acid sequences of their encoded proteins, as well as fragments thereof containing an antigenic determinant or which are functionally active. The invention is also directed to fragments (termed herein "adhesive fragments"), and the sequences thereof, of the proteins ("toporythmic proteins") encoded by toporythmic genes which mediate homotypic or heterotypic binding to toporythmic proteins. Toporythmic genes, as used herein, refers to the genes Notch, Delta, and Serrate, as well as other members of the Delta/Serrate family which may be identified, e.g., by the methods described in Section 5.3, infra. Analogs and derivatives of the adhesive fragments which retain binding activity are also provided. Antibodies to human Notch and to adhesive fragments are additionally provided.

In specific embodiments, the adhesive fragment of Notch is that fragment comprising the Notch sequence most homologous to Drosophila Notch EGF-like repeats 11 and 12; the adhesive fragment of Delta mediating heterotypic binding is that fragment comprising the sequence most homologous to Drosophila Delta amino acids 1-230; the adhesive fragment of Delta mediating homotypic binding is that fragment comprising the sequence most homologous to Drosophila Delta amino acids 32-230; and the adhesive fragment of Serrate is that fragment comprising the sequence most homologous to Drosophila Serrate amino acids 85-283.

3.1. DEFINITIONS

As used herein, the following terms shall have the meanings indicated:

AA=amino acid

EGF=epidermal growth factor

ELR=EGF-like (homologous) repeat

IC=intracellular

PCR=polymerase chain reaction

As used herein, underscoring the name of a gene shall indicate the gene, in contrast to its encoded protein product which is indicated by the name of the gene in the absence of any underscoring. For example, "Notch" shall mean the Notch gene, whereas "Notch" shall indicate the protein product of the Notch gene.

4. DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1. Expression Constructs and Experimental Design for Examining Notch-Delta Interactions. S2 cells at log phase growth were transiently transfected with one of the three constructs shown. Notch encoded by the MGlla minigene (a cDNA/genomic chimetic construct: cDNA-derived sequences are represented by stippling, genomically derived sequences by diagonal-hatching (Ramos et al., 1989, Genetics 123, 337-348)) was expressed following insertion into the metallothionein promoter vector pRmHa-3 (Bunch et al., 1988, Nucl. Acids Res. 16, 1043-1061). Delta encoded by the Dl1 cDNA (Kopczynski et al., 1988, Genes Dev. 2, 1723-1735) was expressed after insertion into the same vector. The extracellular Notch (ECN1) variant was derived from a genomic cosmid containing the complete Notch locus (Ramos et al., 1989, Genetics 123, 337-348) by deleting the coding sequence for amino acids 1790-2625 from the intracellular domain (denoted by Δ; Wharton et al., 1985, Cell 43, 567-581), leaving 25 membrane-proximal residues from the wild-type sequence fused to a novel 59 amino acid tail (see Experimental Procedures, Section 6.1, infra). This construct was expressed under control of the Notch promoter region. For constructs involving the metallothionein vector, expression was induced with CuSO₄ following transfection. Cells were then mixed, incubated under aggregation conditions, and scored for their ability to aggregate using specific antisera and immunofluorescence microscopy to visualize expressing cells. MT, metallothionein promoter; ATG, translation start site; TM, transmembrane domain; 3' N, Notch gene polyadenylation signal; 3' Adh, polyadenylation signal from Adh gene; 5' N, Notch gene promoter region.

FIG. 2. Expression of Notch and Delta in Cultured Cells. (A) Lysates of nontransfected (S2) and Notch-transfected (N) cells induced with 0.7 mM CuSO₄ for 12-16 hr were prepared for sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), run on 3%-15% gradient gels, and blotted to nitrocellulose. Notch was visualized using a monoclonal antibody (MAb C17.9C6) against the intracellular domain of Notch. Multiple bands below the major band at 300 kd may represent degradation products of Notch. (B) Lysates of nontransfected (S2) and Delta-transfected (Dl) cells visualized with a monoclonal antibody (MAb 201) against Delta. A single band of ˜105 kd is detected. In both cases, there is no detectable endogenous Notch or Delta in the S2 cell line nor are there cross-reactive species. In each lane, 10 μl of sample (prepared as described in Experimental Procedures) was loaded.

FIG. 3. S2 Cells That Express Notch and Delta Form Aggregates. In all panels, Notch is shown in green and Delta in red.

(A) A single Notch⁺ cell. Note the prominent intracellular stain, including vesicular structures as well as an obviously unstained nucleus.

(A) Bright-field micrograph of same field, showing specificity of antibody staining.

(B) A single Delta⁺ cell. Staining is primarily at the cell surface.

(B) Bright-field micrograph of same field.

(C) Aggregate of Delta⁺ cells from a 24 hr aggregation experiment. Note against that staining is primarily at the cell surface.

(D)-(F) An aggregate of Notch⁺ and Delta⁺ cells formed from a 1:1 mixture of singly transfected cell populations that was allowed to aggregate overnight at room temperature. (D) shows Notch⁺ cells in this aggregate; (E) shows Delta⁺ cells; and (F) is a double exposure showing both cell types. Bands of Notch and Delta are prominent at points of contact between Notch⁺ and Delta⁺ cells (arrows). In (F), these bands appear yellow because of the coincidence of green and red at these points. The apparently doubly stained single cell (*) is actually two cells (one on top of the other), one expressing Notch and the other Delta.

(G) and (H) Pseudocolor confocal micrographs of Notch⁺ -Delta⁺ cell aggregates. Note that in (G) extensions (arrows) formed by at least two Delta⁺ cells completely encircle the Notch⁺ cell in the center of the aggregate. (H) shows an aggregate formed from a 2 hr aggregation experiment performed at 4° C. Intense bands of Notch are apparent within regions of contact with Delta⁺ cells.

(I) An aggregate composed of Delta⁺ cells and cells that express only the extracellular domain of Notch (ECN1 construct). Scale bar=10 μm.

FIG. 4. Notch and Delta are Associated in Cotransfected Cells. Staining for Notch is shown in the left column (A, C, and E) and that for Delta is shown in the right column (B, D, and F).

(A) and (B) S2 cell cotransfected with both Notch and Delta constructs. In general, there was a good correlation between Notch and Delta localization at the cell surface (arrows).

(C) and (D) Cotransfected cells were exposed to polyclonal anti-Notch antiserum (a 1:250 dilution of each anti-extracellular domain antiserum) for 1 hr at room temperature before fixation and staining with specific antisera. Note punctate staining of Notch and Delta and the correlation of their respective staining (arrows).

(E) and (F) Cells cotransfected with the extracellular Notch (ECN1) and Delta constructs, induced, and then patched using anti-Notch polyclonal antisera. There was a close correlation between ECN1 and Delta staining at the surface as observed for full-length Notch. Scale bar=10 μm.

FIG. 5. Coimmunoprecipitation Shows that Delta and Notch are Associated in Lysates from Transfected S2 and Drosophila Embryonic Cells. In all experiments, Delta was precipitated from NP-40/deoxycholate lysates using a polyclonal anti-Delta rat antiserum precipitated with fixed Staph A cells, and proteins in the precipitated fraction were visualized on Western blots (for details, see Experimental Procedures). Lanes 1, 2, 3, and 5: Notch visualized with MAb C17.9C6; Lanes 4 and 6: Delta visualized using MAb 201.

In (A), lanes 1 and 2 are controls for these experiments. Lane 1 shows a polyclonal anti-Delta immunoprecipitation from cells that express Notch alone visualized for Notch. No Notch was detectable in this sample, indicating that the polyclonal anti-Delta does not cross-react with Notch. Lane 2 shows Notch-Delta cotransfected cells immunoprecipitated with Staph A without initial treatment with anti-Delta antiserum and visualized for Notch, demonstrating that Notch is not precipitated nonspecifically by the Staph A or secondary antibody. Lane 3 shows protein precipitated with anti-Delta antiserum visualized for Delta (Dl), and lane 4 shows the same sample visualized for Notch (N). Lane 4 shows that Notch coprecipitates with immunoprecipitated Delta. Note that Notch appears as a doublet as is typical for Notch in immunoprecipitates.

(B) shows the same experiment using embryonic lysates rather than transfected cell lysates. Lane 5 shows protein precipitated with anti-Delta antiserum visualized for Delta (Dl), and lane 6 shows the same sample visualized for Notch (N). These lanes demonstrate that Notch and Delta are stably associated in embryo lysates. Bands (in all lanes) below the Delta band are from Staph A (SA) and the anti-Delta antiserum heavy (H) and light (L) chains.

FIG. 6. The Structure and Aggregation Activity of Notch Deletion Constructs. A schematic diagram of each Notch deletion construct tested for aggregation activity in vitro, and the results of the aggregation experiments (expressed as the percentage of all Notch-expressing cells found in aggregates) are shown. Aggregates were defined as clusters of four or more cells containing both Notch- and Delta-expressing cells.

FIG. 7. The Structure and Aggregation Activity of Notch Deletion Constructs #19-24. The portion within ELR 10-13 that is contained in Notch Deletion Constructs #19-24 are indicated for each construct by a solid black line. (+) indicates positive aggregation activity in the in vitro assay; (-) indicates a lack of aggregation activity in the in vitro assay.

FIG. 8. Amino Acid Sequence Comparison of Drosophila and Xenopus Notch. The amino acid sequences of Drosophila and Xenopus Notch in ELR 11 and 12 (respectively for Drosophila and Xenopus, SEQ ID NO:1 and SEQ ID NO:2) are shown. Regions of sequence identity are boxed.

FIG. 9. Constructs Employed in this Study. Schematic diagrams of the Delta variants defined in Table IV are shown. Extracellular, amino-proximal terminus is to the left in each case. S, signal peptide; "EGF" EGF-like motifs; M, membrane-spanning helix; H, stop-transfer sequence; solid lines, other Delta sequences; hatched lines, neuroglian sequences. Arrowheads indicate sites of translatable linker insertions in the Ins(Nae) and Ins(Stu) constructs. Sca, ScaI; Nae, NaeI; Bam, BamHI; Bgl, BglII; ELR, EGF-like repeat; Bst, BstEII; Dde, DdeI; Stu, StuI; NG1-NG5, Delta-neuroglian chimeras.

FIG. 10. Delta-Serrate Amino-Terminal Sequence Alignment. Residues are numbered on the basis of conceptual translation of Delta (Dl, upper sequence (SEQ ID NO:3); beginning at amino acid 24, ending at amino acid 226) and Serrate (Ser, lower sequence (SEQ ID NO:4); beginning at amino acid 85, ending at amino acid 283) coding sequences. Dots represent gaps in the alignment. Boxes enclose cysteine residues within the aligned regions. N1, amino-proximal domain 1; N2, amino-proximal domain 2; N3, amino-proximal domain 3.

FIG. 11. Potential Geometries of Delta-Notch Interactions. A, Potential register of Delta (left) and Notch (right) molecules interacting between opposing plasma membranes. B, Potential register of Delta (left) and Notch (right) molecules interacting within the same plasma membranes. ELR, EGF-like repeat; open boxes, EGF-like repeats; dotted boxes, LNR repeats; solid boxes, membrane-spanning helices. Delta amino-terminal domain and Delta and Notch intracellular domains represented by ovals.

FIG. 12. Potential Geometries of Delta-Delta Interactions. A and B, Potential register of Delta molecules interacting between opposing plasma membranes. B, Potential register of Delta molecules interacting within the same plasma membranes. Open boxes, EGF-like repeats; solid boxes, membrane-spanning helices. Delta amino-terminal extracellular and intracellular domains represented by ovals.

FIG. 13. Primary Nucleotide Sequence of the Delta cDNA Dl1 (SEQ ID NO:5) and Delta amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:6) The DNA sequence of the 5'-3' strand of the Dl1 cDNA is shown, which contains a number of corrections in comparison to that presented in Kopczynksi et al. (1988, Genes Dev. 2, 1723-1735).

FIG. 14. Primary Nucleotide Sequence of the Neuroglian cDNA 1B7A-250 (SEQ ID NO:7). This is the DNA sequence of a portion of the 5'-3' strand of the 1B7A-250 cDNA (A. J. Bieber, pers. comm.; Hortsch et al., 1990, Neuron 4, 697-709). Nucleotide 2890 corresponds to the first nucleotide of an isoleucine codon that encodes amino acid 952 of the conceptually translated neuroglian-long form protein.

FIG. 15. Nucleic Acid Sequence Homologies Between Serrate and Delta. A portion of the Drosophila Serrate nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:8), with the encoded Serrate protein sequence (SEQ ID NO:9) written below, (Fleming et al., 1990, Genes & Dev. 4, 2188-2201 at 2193-94) is shown. The four regions showing high sequence homology with the Drosophila Delta sequence are numbered above the line and indicated by brackets. The total region of homology spans nucleotide numbers 627 through 1290 of the Serrate nucleotide sequence (numbering as in FIG. 4 of Fleming et al., 1990, Genes & Dev. 4, 2188-2201).

FIG. 16. Primers used for PCR in the Cloning of Human Notch. The sequence of three primers used for PCR to amplify DNA in a human fetal brain cDNA library are shown. The three primers, cdc1 (SEQ ID NO:10), cdc2 (SEQ ID NO:11), and cdc3 (SEQ ID NO:12), were designed to amplify either a 200 bp or a 400 bp fragment as primer pairs cdc1/cdc2 or cdc1/cdc3, respectively. I: inosine.

FIG. 17. Schematic Diagram of Human Notch Clones. A schematic diagram of human Notch is shown. Heavy bold-face lines below the diagram show that portion of the Notch sequence contained in each of the four cDNA clones. The location of the primers used in PCR, and their orientation, are indicated by arrows.

FIG. 18. Human Notch Sequences Aligned with Drosophila Notch Sequence. Numbered vertical lines correspond to Drosophila Notch coordinates. Horizontal lines below each map show where clones lie relative to stretches of sequence (thick horizontal lines).

FIG. 19. Nucleotide Sequences of Human Notch Contained in Plasmid cDNA Clone hN2k.

FIG. 19A: The DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO:13) of a portion of the human Notch insert is shown, starting at the EcoRI site at the 3' end, and proceeding in the 3' to 5' direction.

FIG. 19B: The DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO:14) of a portion of the human Notch insert is shown, starting at the EcoRI site at the 5' end, and proceeding in the 5' to 3' direction.

FIG. 19C: The DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO:15) of a portion of the human Notch insert is shown, starting 3' of the sequence shown in FIG. 19B, and proceeding in the 5' to 3' direction. The sequences shown are tentative, subject to confirmation by determination of overlapping sequences.

FIG. 20. Nucleotide Sequences of Human Notch Contained in Plasmid cDNA clone hN3k.

FIG. 20A: The DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO:16) of a portion of the human Notch insert is shown, starting at the EcoRI site at the 3' end, and proceeding in the 3' to 5' direction.

FIG. 20B: The DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO:17) of a portion of the human Notch insert is shown, starting at the EcoRI site at the 5' end, and proceeding in the 5' to 3' direction.

FIG. 20C: The DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO:18) of a portion of the human Notch insert is shown, starting 3' of the sequence shown in FIG. 20B, and proceeding in the 5' to 3' direction.

FIG. 20D: The DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO:19) of a portion of the human Notch insert is shown, starting 5' of the sequence shown in FIG. 20A, and proceeding in the 5' to 3' direction. The sequences shown are tentative, subject to confirmation by determination of overlapping sequences.

FIG. 21: Nucleotide Sequences of Human Notch Contained in Plasmid cDNA clone hN4k.

FIG. 21A: The DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO:20) of a portion of the human Notch insert is shown, starting at the EcoRI site at the 5' end, and proceeding in the 5' to 3' direction.

FIG. 21B: The DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO:21) of a portion of the human Notch insert is shown, starting near the 3' end, and proceeding in the 5' to 3' direction. The sequences shown are tentative, subject to confirmation by determination of overlapping sequences.

FIG. 22: Nucleotide Sequences of Human Notch Contained in Plasmid cDNA Clone hN5k.

FIG. 22A: The DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO:22) of a portion of the human Notch insert is shown, starting at the EcoRI site at the 5' end, and proceeding in the 5' to 3' direction.

FIG. 22B: The DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO:23) of a portion of the human Notch insert is shown, starting near the 3' end, and proceeding in the 3' to 5' direction.

FIG. 22C: The DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO:24) of a portion of the human Notch insert is shown, starting 3' of the sequence shown in FIG. 22A, and proceeding in the 5' to 3' direction.

FIG. 22D: The DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO:25) of a portion of the human Notch insert is shown, starting 5' of the sequence shown in FIG. 22B, and proceeding in the 5' to 3' direction. The sequences shown are tentative, subject to confirmation by determination of overlapping sequences.

FIG. 23. DNA (SEQ ID NO:31) and Amino Acid (SEQ ID NO:32) SEqueces of Human Notch Contined in Plasmid cDNA Clone hN3k.

FIG. 24. DNA (SEQ ID NO:33) and Amino Acid (SEQ ID NO:34) SEquences of Human Notch Contained in plasmid cDNA Clone hN5k.

5. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to nucleotide sequences of the human Notch and Delta genes, and amino acid sequences of their encoded proteins. The invention further relates to fragments (termed herein "adhesive fragments") of the proteins encoded by toporythmic genes which mediate homotypic or heterotypic binding to toporythmic proteins or adhesive fragments thereof. Toporythmic genes, as used herein, shall mean the genes Notch, Delta, and Serrate, as well as other members of the Delta/Serrate family which may be identified, e.g. by the methods described in Section 5.3, infra.

The nucleic acid and amino acid sequences and antibodies thereto of the invention can be used for the detection and quantitation of mRNA for human Notch and Delta and adhesive molecules, to study expression thereof, to produce human Notch and Delta and adhesive sequences, in the study and manipulation of differentiation processes.

For clarity of disclosure, and not by way of limitation, the detailed description of the invention will be divided into the following sub-sections:

(i) Identification of and the sequences of toporythmic protein domains that mediate binding to toporythmic protein domains;

(ii) The cloning and sequencing of human Notch and Delta;

(iii) Identification of additional members of the Delta/Serrate family;

(iv) The expression of toporythmic genes;

(v) Identification and purification of the expressed gene product; and

(vi) Generation of antibodies to toporythmic proteins and adhesive sequences thereof.

5.1. IDENTIFICATION OF AND THE SEQUENCES OF TOPORYTHMIC PROTEIN DOMAINS THAT MEDIATE BINDING TO TOPORYTHMIC PROTEIN DOMAINS

The invention provides for toporythmic protein fragments, and analogs or derivatives thereof, which mediate homotypic or heterotypic binding (and thus are termed herein "adhesive"), and nucleic acid sequences relating to the foregoing.

In a specific embodiment, the adhesive fragment of Notch is that comprising the portion of Notch most homologous to ELR 11 and 12, i.e., amino acid numbers 447 through 527 (SEQ ID NO:1) of the Drosophila Notch sequence (see FIG. 8). In another specific embodiment, the adhesive fragment of Delta mediating homotypic binding is that comprising the portion of Delta most homologous to about amino acid numbers 32-230 of the Drosophila Delta sequence (SEQ ID NO:6). In yet another specific embodiment, the adhesive fragment of Delta mediating binding to Notch is that comprising the portion of Delta most homologous to about amino acid numbers 1-230 of the Drosophila Delta sequence (SEQ ID NO:6). In a specific embodiment relating to an adhesive fragment of Serrate, such fragment is that comprising the portion of Serrate most homologous to about amino acid numbers 85-283 of the Drosophila Serrate sequence (see FIG. 10 (SEQ ID NO:4), and FIG. 15 (SEQ ID NO:9)).

The nucleic acid sequences encoding toporythmic adhesive domains can be isolated from porcine, bovine, feline, avian, equine, or canine, as well as primate sources and any other species in which homologues of known toporythmic genes [including but not limited to the following genes (with the publication of sequences in parentheses): Notch (Wharton et al., 1985, Cell 43, 567-581), Delta (Vassin et al., 1987, EMBO J. 6, 3431-3440; Kopczynski et al., 1988, Genes Dev. 2, 1723-1735; note corrections to the Kopczynski et al. sequence found in FIG. 13 hereof (SEQ ID NO:5 and SEQ ID NO:6)) and Serrate (Fleming et al., 1990, Genes & Dev. 4, 2188-2201)] can be identified. Such sequences can be altered by substitutions, additions or deletions that provide for functionally equivalent (adhesive) molecules. Due to the degeneracy of nucleotide coding sequences, other DNA sequences which encode substantially the same amino acid sequence as the adhesive sequences may be used in the practice of the present invention. These include but are not limited to nucleotide sequences comprising all or portions of the Notch, Delta, or Serrate genes which are altered by the substitution of different codons that encode a functionally equivalent amino acid residue within the sequence, thus producing a silent change. Likewise, the adhesive protein fragments or derivatives thereof, of the invention include, but are not limited to, those containing, as a primary amino acid sequence, all or part of the amino acid sequence of the adhesive domains including altered sequences in which functionally equivalent amino acid residues are substituted for residues within the sequence resulting in a silent change. For example, one or more amino acid residues within the sequence can be substituted by another amino acid of a similar polarity which acts as a functional equivalent, resulting in a silent alteration. Substitutes for an amino acid within the sequence may be selected from other members of the class to which the amino acid belongs. For example, the nonpolar (hydrophobic) amino acids include alanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, proline, phenylalanine, tryptophan and methionine. The polar neutral amino acids include glycine, serine, threonine, cysteine, tyrosine, asparagine, and glutamine. The positively charged (basic) amino acids include arginine, lysine and histidine. The negatively charged (acidic) amino acids include aspartic acid and glutamic acid.

Adhesive fragments of toporythmic proteins and potential derivatives, analogs or peptides related to adhesive toporythmic protein sequences, can be tested for the desired binding activity e.g., by the in vitro aggregation assays described in the examples herein. Adhesive derivatives or adhesive analogs of adhesive fragments of toporythmic proteins include but are not limited to those peptides which are substantially homologous to the adhesive fragments, or whose encoding nucleic acid is capable of hybridizing to the nucleic acid sequence encoding the adhesive fragments, and which peptides and peptide analogs have positive binding activity e.g., as tested in vitro by an aggregation assay such as described in the examples sections infra. Such derivatives and analogs are envisioned and within the scope of the present invention.

The adhesive-protein related derivatives, analogs, and peptides of the invention can be produced by various methods known in the art. The manipulations which result in their production can occur at the gene or protein level. For example, the cloned adhesive protein-encoding gene sequence can be modified by any of numerous strategies known in the art (Maniatis, T., 1990, Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, 2d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.). The sequence can be cleaved at appropriate sites with restriction endonuclease(s), followed by further enzymatic modification if desired, isolated, and ligated in vitro. In the production of the gene encoding a derivative, analog, or peptide related to an adhesive domain, care should be taken to ensure that the modified gene remains within the same translational reading frame as the adhesive protein, uninterrupted by translational stop signals, in the gene region where the desired adhesive activity is encoded.

Additionally, the adhesive-encoding nucleic acid sequence can be mutated in vitro or in vivo, to create and/or destroy translation, initiation, and/or termination sequences, or to create variations in coding regions and/or form new restriction endonuclease sites or destroy preexisting ones, to facilitate further in vitro modification. Any technique for mutagenesis known in the art can be used, including but not limited to, in vitro site-directed mutagenesis (Hutchinson, C., et al., 1978, J. Biol. Chem 253, 6551), use of TAB® linkers (Pharmacia), etc.

Manipulations of the adhesive sequence may also be made at the protein level. Included within the scope of the invention are toporythmic protein fragments, analogs or derivatives which are differentially modified during or after translation, e.g., by glycosylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, proteolytic cleavage, linkage to an antibody molecule or other cellular ligand, etc. Any of numerous chemical modifications may be carried out by known techniques, including but not limited to specific chemical cleavage by cyanogen bromide, trypsin, chymotrypsin, papain, V8 protease, NaBH₄ ; acetylation, formylation, oxidation, reduction; metabolic synthesis in the presence of tunicamycin; etc.

In addition, analogs and peptides related to adhesive fragments can be chemically synthesized. For example, a peptide corresponding to a portion of a toporythmic protein which mediates the desired aggregation activity in vitro can be synthesized by use of a peptide synthesizer.

5.2. THE CLONING AND SEQUENCING OF HUMAN NOTCH AND DELTA

The invention further relates to the amino acid sequences of human Notch and human Delta and fragments and derivatives thereof which comprise an antigenic determinant (i.e., can be recognized by an antibody) or which are functionally active, as well as nucleic acid sequences encoding the foregoing. "Functionally active" material as used herein refers to that material displaying one or more known functional activities associated with the full-length (wild-type) protein product, e.g., in the case of Notch, binding to Delta, antigenicity (binding to an anti-Notch antibody), etc. The invention is further directed to the nucleotide sequences of human Notch and human Delta consisting of at least 8 nucleotides.

In a specific embodiment, the invention relates to the nucleic acid sequence of the human Notch gene, in particular, comprising those sequences depicted in FIGS. 19, 20, 21 and/or 22 (SEQ ID NO:13 through NO:25), and the encoded Notch protein sequences. Functionally active fragments and derivatives are also provided.

In a preferred, but not limiting, aspect of the invention, a human Notch DNA sequence can be cloned and sequenced by the method described in Section 9, infra.

A preferred embodiment for the cloning of human Delta, presented as a particular example but not by way of limitation follows:

A human expression library is constructed by methods known in the art. For example, human mRNA is isolated, cDNA is made and ligated into an expression vector (e.g., a bacteriophage derivative) such that it is capable of being expressed by the host cell into which it is then introduced. Various screening assays can then be used to select for the expressed human Delta product. In one embodiment, selection can be carried out on the basis of positive binding to the adhesive domain of human Notch, (i.e., that portion of human Notch most homologous to Drosophila ELR 11 and 12 (SEQ ID NO:1)). In an alternative embodiment, anti-Delta antibodies can be used for selection.

In another preferred aspect, PCR is used to amplify the desired sequence in the library, prior to selection. For example, oligonucleotide primers representing part of the adhesive domains encoded by a homologue of the desired gene can be used as primers in PCR.

The above-methods are not meant to limit the following general description of methods by which clones of human Notch and Delta may be obtained.

Any human cell can potentially serve as the nucleic acid source for the molecular cloning of the Notch and Delta gene. The DNA may be obtained by standard procedures known in the art from cloned DNA (e.g., a DNA "library"), by chemical synthesis, by cDNA cloning, or by the cloning of genomic DNA, or fragments thereof, purified from the desired human cell. (See, for example Maniatis et al., 1982, Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; Glover, D. M. (ed.), 1985, DNA Cloning: A Practical Approach, MRL Press, Ltd., Oxford, U.K. Vol. I, II.) Clones derived from genomic DNA may contain regulatory and intron DNA regions in addition to coding regions; clones derived from cDNA will contain only exon sequences. Whatever the source, the gene should be molecularly cloned into a suitable vector for propagation of the gene.

In the molecular cloning of the gene from genomic DNA, DNA fragments are generated, some of which will encode the desired gene. The DNA may be cleaved at specific sites using various restriction enzymes. Alternatively, one may use DNAse in the presence of manganese to fragment the DNA, or the DNA can be physically sheared, as for example, by sonication. The linear DNA fragments can then be separated according to size by standard techniques, including but not limited to, agarose and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and column chromatography.

Once the DNA fragments are generated, identification of the specific DNA fragment containing the desired gene may be accomplished in a number of ways. For example, if an amount of a portion of a Notch or Delta (of any species) gene or its specific RNA, or a fragment thereof e.g., the adhesive domain, is available and can be purified and labeled, the generated DNA fragments may be screened by nucleic acid hybridization to the labeled probe (Benton, W. and Davis, R., 1977, Science 196, 180; Grunstein, M. And Hogness, D., 1975, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72, 3961). Those DNA fragments with substantial homology to the probe will hybridize. It is also possible to identify the appropriate fragment by restriction enzyme digestion(s) and comparison of fragment sizes with those expected according to a known restriction map if such is available. Further selection can be carried out on the basis of the properties of the gene. Alternatively, the presence of the gene may be detected by assays based on the physical, chemical, or immunological properties of its expressed product. For example, cDNA clones, or DNA clones which hybrid-select the proper mRNAs, can be selected which produce a protein that, e.g., has similar or identical electrophoretic migration, isolectric focusing behavior, proteolytic digestion maps, in vitro aggregation activity ("adhesiveness") or antigenic properties as known for Notch or Delta. If an antibody to Notch or Delta is available, the Notch or Delta protein may be identified by binding of labeled antibody to the putatively Notch or Delta synthesizing clones, in an ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-type procedure.

The Notch or Delta gene can also be identified by mRNA selection by nucleic acid hybridization followed by in vitro translation. In this procedure, fragments are used to isolate complementary mRNAs by hybridization. Such DNA fragments may represent available, purified Notch or Delta DNA of another species (e.g., Drosophila). Immunoprecipitation analysis or functional assays (e.g., aggregation ability in vitro; see examples infra) of the in vitro translation products of the isolated products of the isolated mRNAs identifies the mRNA and, therefore, the complementary DNA fragments that contain the desired sequences. In addition, specific mRNAs may be selected by adsorption of polysomes isolated from cells to immobilized antibodies specifically directed against Notch or Delta protein. A radiolabeled Notch or Delta cDNA can be synthesized using the selected mRNA (from the adsorbed polysomes) as a template. The radiolabeled mRNA or cDNA may then be used as a probe to identify the Notch or Delta DNA fragments from among other genomic DNA fragments.

Alternatives to isolating the Notch or Delta genomic DNA include, but are not limited to, chemically synthesizing the gene sequence itself from a known sequence or making cDNA to the mRNA which encodes the Notch or Delta gene. For example, RNA for cDNA cloning of the Notch or Delta gene can be isolated from cells which express Notch or Delta. Other methods are possible and within the scope of the invention.

The identified and isolated gene can then be inserted into an appropriate cloning vector. A large number of vector-host systems known in the art may be used. Possible vectors include, but are not limited to, plasmids or modified viruses, but the vector system must be compatible with the host cell used. Such vectors include, but are not limited to, bacteriophages such as lambda derivatives, or plasmids such as PBR322 or pUC plasmid derivatives. The insertion into a cloning vector can, for example, be accomplished by ligating the DNA fragment into a cloning vector which has complementary cohesive termini. However, if the complementary restriction sites used to fragment the DNA are not present in the cloning vector, the ends of the DNA molecules may be enzymatically modified. Alternatively, any site desired may be produced by ligating nucleotide sequences (linkers) onto the DNA termini; these ligated linkers may comprise specific chemically synthesized oligonucleotides encoding restriction endonuclease recognition sequences. In an alternative method, the cleaved vector and Notch or Delta gene may be modified by homopolymeric tailing. Recombinant molecules can be introduced into host cells via transformation, transfection, infection, electroporation, etc., so that many copies of the gene sequence are generated.

In an alternative method, the desired gene may be identified and isolated after insertion into a suitable cloning vector in a "shot gun" approach. Enrichment for the desired gene, for example, by size fractionization, can be done before insertion into the cloning vector.

In specific embodiments, transformation of host cells with recombinant DNA molecules that incorporate the isolated Notch or Delta gene, cDNA, or synthesized DNA sequence enables generation of multiple copies of the gene. Thus, the gene may be obtained in large quantities by growing transformants, isolating the recombinant DNA molecules from the transformants and, when necessary, retrieving the inserted gene from the isolated recombinant DNA.

The human Notch and Delta sequences provided by the instant invention include those nucleotide sequences encoding substantially the same amino acid sequences as found in human Notch and in human Delta, and those encoded amino acid sequences with functionally equivalent amino acids, all as described supra in Section 5.1 for adhesive portions of toporythmic proteins.

5.3. IDENTIFICATION OF ADDITIONAL MEMBERS OF THE DELTA/SERRATE FAMILY

A rational search for additional members of the Delta/Serrate gene family may be carried out using an approach that takes advantage of the existence of the conserved segments of strong homology between Serrate and Delta (see FIG. 10, SEQ ID NO:3 and NO:4). For example, additional members of this gene family may be identified by selecting, from among a diversity of nucleic acid sequences, those sequences that are homologous to both Serrate and Delta (see FIG. 13 (SEQ ID NO:5), and FIG. 15 (SEQ ID NO:8)), and further identifying, from among the selected sequences, those that also contain nucleic acid sequences which are non-homologous to Serrate and Delta. The term "non-homologous" may be construed to mean a region which contains at least about 6 contiguous nucleotides in which at least about two nucleotides differ from Serrate and Delta sequence.

For example, a preferred specific embodiment of the invention provides the following method. Corresponding to two conserved segments between Delta and Serrate, Delta AA 63-73 and Delta AA 195-206 (see FIG. 13, SEQ ID NO:6), sets of degenerate oligonucleotide probes of about 10-20 nucleotides may be synthesized, representing all of the possible coding sequences for the amino acids found in either Delta and Serrate for about three to seven contiguous codons. In another embodiment, oligonucleotides may be obtained corresponding to parts of the four highly conserved regions between Delta and Serrate shown in FIG. 15 (SEQ ID NO:8 and NO:9), i.e., that represented by Serrate AA 124-134, 149-158, 214-219, and 250-259. The synthetic oligonucleotides may be utilized as primers to amplify by PCR sequences from a source (RNA or DNA) of potential interest. (PCR can be carried out, e.g., by use of a Perkin-Elmer Cetus thermal cycler and Taq polymerase (Gene Amp™)). This might include mRNA or cDNA or genomic DNA from any eukaryotic species that could express a polypeptide closely related to Serrate and Delta. By carrying out the PCR reactions, it may be possible to detect a gene or gene product sharing the above-noted segments of conserved sequence between Serrate and Delta. If one chooses to synthesize several different degenerate primers, it may still be possible to carry out a complete search with a reasonably small number of PCR reactions. It is also possible to vary the stringency of hybridization conditions used in priming the PCR reactions, to allow for greater or lesser degrees of nucleotide sequence similarity between the unknown gene and Serrate or Delta. If a segment of a previously unknown member of the Serrate/Delta gene family is amplified successfully, that segment may be molecularly cloned and sequenced, and utilized as a probe to isolate a complete cDNA or genomic clone. This, in turn, will permit the determination of the unknown gene's complete nucleotide sequence, the analysis of its expression, and the production of its protein product for functional analysis. In this fashion, additional genes encoding "adhesive" proteins may be identified.

In addition, the present invention provides for the use of the Serrate/Delta sequence homologies in the design of novel recombinant molecules which are members of the Serrate/Delta gene family but which may not occur in nature. For example, and not by way of limitation, a recombinant molecule can be constructed according to the invention, comprising portions of both Serrate and Delta genes. Such a molecule could exhibit properties associated with both Serrate and Delta and portray a novel profile of biological activities, including agonists as well as antagonists. The primary sequence of Serrate and Delta may also be used to predict tertiary structure of the molecules using computer simulation (Hopp and Woods, 1981, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78, 3824-3828); Serrate/Delta chimeric recombinant genes could be designed in light of correlations between tertiary structure and biological function. Likewise, chimeric genes comprising portions of any one or more members of the toporythmic gene family (e.g., Notch) may be constructed.

5.4. THE EXPRESSION OF TOPORYTHMIC GENES

The nucleotide sequence coding for an adhesive fragment of a toporythmic protein (preferably, Notch, Serrate, or Delta), or an adhesive analog or derivative thereof, or human Notch or Delta or a functionally active fragment or derivative thereof, can be inserted into an appropriate expression vector, i.e., a vector which contains the necessary elements for the transcription and translation of the inserted protein-coding sequence. The necessary transcriptional and translational signals can also be supplied by the native toporythmic gene and/or its flanking regions. A variety of host-vector systems may be utilized to express the protein-coding sequence. These include but are not limited to mammalian cell systems infected with virus (e.g., vaccinia virus, adenovirus, etc.); insect cell systems infected with virus (e.g., baculovirus); microorganisms such as yeast containing yeast vectors, or bacteria transformed with bacteriophage, DNA, plasmid DNA, or cosmid DNA. The expression elements of vectors vary in their strengths and specificities. Depending on the host-vector system utilized, any one of a number of suitable transcription and translation elements may be used. In a specific embodiment, the adhesive portion of the Notch gene, e.g., that encoding EGF-like repeats 11 and 12, is expressed. In another embodiment, the adhesive portion of the Delta gene, e.g., that encoding amino acids 1-230, is expressed. In other specific embodiments, the human Notch or human Delta gene is expressed, or a sequence encoding a functionally active portion of human Notch or Delta.

Any of the methods previously described for the insertion of DNA fragments into a vector may be used to construct expression vectors containing a chimeric gene consisting of appropriate transcriptional/translational control signals and the protein coding sequences. These methods may include in vitro recombinant DNA and synthetic techniques and in vivo recombinants (genetic recombination). Expression of nucleic acid sequence encoding a toporythmic protein or peptide fragment may be regulated by a second nucleic acid sequence so that the toporythmic protein or peptide is expressed in a host transformed with the recombinant DNA molecule. For example, expression of a toporythmic protein may be controlled by any promoter/enhancer element known in the art. Promoters which may be used to control toporythmic gene expression include, but are not limited to, the SV40 early promoter region (Bernoist and Chambon, 1981, Nature 290, 304-310), the promoter contained in the 3' long terminal repeat of Rous sarcoma virus (Yamamoto, et al., 1980, Cell 22, 787-797), the herpes thymidine kinase promoter (Wagner et al., 1981, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78, 1441-1445), the regulatory sequences of the metallothionein gene (Brinster et al., 1982, Nature 296, 39-42); prokaryotic expression vectors such as the β-lactamase promoter (Villa-Kamaroff, et al., 1978, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75, 3727-3731), or the tac promoter (DeBoer, et al., 1983, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80, 21-25); see also "Useful proteins from recombinant bacteria" in Scientific American, 1980, 242, 74-94; plant expression vectors comprising the nopaline synthetase promoter region (Herrera-Estrella et al., Nature 303, 209-213) or the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S RNA promoter (Gardner, et al., 1981, Nucl. Acids Res. 9, 2871), and the promoter of the photosynthetic enzyme ribulose biphosphate carboxylase (Herrera-Estrella et al., 1984, Nature 310, 115-120); promoter elements from yeast or other fungi such as the Gal 4 promoter, the ADC (alcohol dehydrogenase) promoter, PGK (phosphoglycerol kinase) promoter, alkaline phophatase promoter, and the following animal transcriptional control regions, which exhibit tissue specificity and have been utilized in transgenic animals: elastase I gene control region which is active in pancreatic acinar cells (Swift et al., 1984, Cell 38, 639-646; Ornitz et al., 1986, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 50, 399-409; MacDonald, 1987, Hepatology 7, 425-515); insulin gene control region which is active in pancreatic beta cells (Hanahan, 1985, Nature 315, 115-122), immunoglobulin gene control region which is active in lymphoid cells (Grosschedl et al., 1984, Cell 38, 647-658; Adames et al., 1985, Nature 318, 533-538; Alexander et al., 1987, Mol. Cell. Biol. 7, 1436-1444), mouse mammary tumor virus control region which is active in testicular, breast, lymphoid and mast cells (Leder et al., 1986, Cell 45, 485-495), albumin gene control region which is active in liver (Pinkert et al., 1987, Genes and Devel. 1, 268-276), alpha-fetoprotein gene control region which is active in liver (Krumlauf et al., 1985, Mol. Cell. Biol. 5, 1639-1648; Hammer et al., 1987, Science 235, 53-58; alpha 1-antitrypsin gene control region which is active in the liver (Kelsey et al., 1987, Genes and Devel. 1, 161-171), beta-globin gene control region which is active in myeloid cells (Mogram et al., 1985, Nature 315, 338-340; Kollias et al., 1986, Cell 46, 89-94; myelin basic protein gene control region which is active in oligodendrocyte cells in the brain (Readhead et al., 1987, Cell 48, 703-712); myosin light chain-2 gene control region which is active in skeletal muscle (Sani, 1985, Nature 314, 283-286), and gonadotropic releasing hormone gene control region which is active in the hypothalamus (Mason et al., 1986, Science 234, 1372-1378).

Expression vectors containing toporythmic gene inserts can be identified by three general approaches: (a) nucleic acid hybridization, (b) presence or absence of "marker" gene functions, and (c) expression of inserted sequences. In the first approach, the presence of a foreign gene inserted in an expression vector can be detected by nucleic acid hybridization using probes comprising sequences that are homologous to an inserted toporythmic gene. In the second approach, the recombinant vector/host system can be identified and selected based upon the presence or absence of certain "marker" gene functions (e.g., thymidine kinase activity, resistance to antibiotics, transformation phenotype, occlusion body formation in baculovirus, etc.) caused by the insertion of foreign genes in the vector. For example, if the toporythmic gene is inserted within the marker gene sequence of the vector, recombinants containing the toporythmic insert can be identified by the absence of the marker gene function. In the third approach, recombinant expression vectors can be identified by assaying the foreign gene product expressed by the recombinant. Such assays can be based, for example, on the physical or functional properties of the toporythmic gene product in in vitro assay systems, e.g., aggregation (adhesive) ability (see Sections 6-8, infra).

Once a particular recombinant DNA molecule is identified and isolated, several methods known in the art may be used to propagate it. Once a suitable host system and growth conditions are established, recombinant expression vectors can be propagated and prepared in quantity. As previously explained, the expression vectors which can be used include, but are not limited to, the following vectors or their derivatives: human or animal viruses such as vaccinia virus or adenovirus; insect viruses such as baculovirus; yeast vectors; bacteriophage vectors (e.g., lambda), and plasmid and cosmid DNA vectors, to name but a few.

In addition, a host cell strain may be chosen which modulates the expression of the inserted sequences, or modifies and processes the gene product in the specific fashion desired. Expression from certain promoters can be elevated in the presence of certain inducers; thus, expression of the genetically engineered toporythmic protein may be controlled. Futhermore, different host cells have characteristic and specific mechanisms for the translational and post-translational processing and modification (e.g., glycosylation, cleavage) of proteins. Appropriate cell lines or host systems can be chosen to ensure the desired modification and processing of the foreign protein expressed. For example, expression in a bacterial system can be used to produce an unglycosylated core protein product. Expression in yeast will produce a glycosylated product. Expression in mammalian cells can be used to ensure "native" glycosylation of a heterologous mammalian toporythmic protein. Furthermore, different vector/host expression systems may effect processing reactions such as proteolytic cleavages to different extents.

In other specific embodiments, the adhesive toporythmic protein, fragment, analog, or derivative may be expressed as a fusion, or chimeric protein product (comprising the protein, fragment, analog, or derivative joined to a heterologous protein sequence). Such a chimeric product can be made by ligating the appropriate nucleic acid sequences encoding the desired amino acid sequences to each other by methods known in the art, in the proper coding frame, and expressing the chimeric product by methods commonly known in the art. Alternatively, such a chimeric product may be made by protein synthetic techniques, e.g., by use of a peptide synthesizer.

Both cDNA and genomic sequences can be cloned and expressed.

5.4.1. IDENTIFICATION AND PURIFICATION OF THE EXPRESSED GENE PRODUCT

Once a recombinant which expresses the toporythmic gene sequence is identified, the gene product may be analyzed. This can be achieved by assays based on the physical or functional properties of the product, including radioactive labelling of the product followed by analysis by gel electrophoresis.

Once the toporythmic protein is identified, it may be isolated and purified by standard methods including chromatography (e.g., ion exchange, affinity, and sizing column chromatography), centrifugation, differential solubility, or by any other standard technique for the purification of proteins. The functional properties may be evaluated using any suitable assay, including, but not limited to, aggregation assays (see Sections 6-8).

5.5. GENERATION OF ANTIBODIES TO TOPORYTHMIC PROTEINS AND ADHESIVE SEQUENCES THEREOF

According to the invention, toporythmic protein fragments or analogs or derivatives thereof which mediate homotypic or heterotypic binding, or human Notch or human Delta proteins or fragments thereof, may be used as an immunogen to generate anti-toporythmic protein antibodies. Such antibodies can be polyclonal or monclonal. In a specific embodiment, antibodies specific to EGF-like repeats 11 and 12 of Notch may be prepared. In other embodiments, antibodies reactive with the "adhesive portion" of Delta can be generated. One example of such antibodies may prevent aggregation in an in vitro assay. In another embodiment, antibodies specific to human Notch are produced.

Various procedures known in the art may be used for the production of polyclonal antibodies to a toporythmic protein or peptide. In a particular embodiment, rabbit polyclonal antibodies to an epitope of the human Notch protein encoded by a sequence depicted in FIGS. 19, 20, 21 or 22 (SEQ ID NO:13 through NO:25), or a subsequence thereof, can be obtained. For the production of antibody, various host animals can be immunized by injection with the native toporythmic protein, or a synthetic version, or fragment thereof, including but not limited to rabbits, mice, rats, etc. Various adjuvants may be used to increase the immunological response, depending on the host species, and including but not limited to Freund's (complete and incomplete), mineral gels such as aluminum hydroxide, surface active substances such as lysolecithin, pluronic polyols, polyanions, peptides, oil emulsions, keyhold limpet hemocyanins, dinitrophenol, and potentially useful human adjuvants such as BCG (bacille Calmette-Guerin) and corynebacterium parvum.

For preparation of monoclonal antibodies directed toward a toporythmic protein sequence, any technique which provides for the production of antibody molecules by continuous cell lines in culture may be used. For example, the hybridoma technique originally developed by Kohler and Milstein (1975, Nature 256, 495-497), as well as the trioma technique, the human B-cell hybridoma technique (Kozbor et al., 1983, Immunology Today 4, 72), and the EBV-hybridoma technique to produce human monoclonal antibodies (Cole et al., 1985, in Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy, Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp. 77-96).

Antibody fragments which contain the idiotype of the molecule can be generated by known techniques. For example, such fragments include but are not limited to: the F(ab')₂ fragment which can be produced by pepsin digestion of the antibody molecule; the Fab' fragments which can be generated by reducing the disulfide bridges of the F(ab')₂ fragment, and the Fab fragments which can be generated by treating the antibody molecule with papain and a reducing agent.

In the production of antibodies, screening for the desired antibody can be accomplished by techniques known in the art, e.g. ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). For example, to select antibodies which recognize the adhesive domain of a toporythmic protein, one may assay generated hybridomas for a product which binds to a protein fragment containing such domain. For selection of an antibody specific to human Notch, one can select on the basis of positive binding to human Notch and a lack of binding to Drosophila Notch.

The foregoing antibodies can be used in methods known in the art relating to the localization and activity of the protein sequences of the invention. For example, various immunoassays known in the art can be used, including but not limited to competitive and non-competitive assay systems using techniques such as radioimmunoassays, ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay), "sandwich" immunoassays, precipitin reactions, gel diffusion precipitin reactions, immunodiffusion assays, agglutination assays, fluorescent immunoassays, protein A immunoassays, and immunoelectrophoresis assays, to name but a few.

6. MOLECULAR INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE PROTEIN PRODUCTS OF THE NEUROGENIC LOCI NOTCH AND DELTA, TWO EGF-HOMOLOGOUS GENES IN DROSOPHILA

To examine the possibility of intermolecular association between the products of the Notch and Delta genes, we studied the effects of their expression on aggregation in Drosophila Schneider's 2 (S2) cells (Fehon et al., 1990, Cell 61, 523-534). We present herein direct evidence of intermolecular interactions between Notch and Delta, and describe an assay system that will be used in dissecting the components of this interaction. We show that normally nonadhesive Drosophila S2 cultured cells that express Notch bind specifically to cells that express Delta, and that this aggregation is calcium dependent. Furthermore, while cells that express Notch do not bind to one another, cells that express Delta do bind to one another,that Notch anthat Notch and Delta can compete for binding to Delta at the cell surface. We also present evidence indicating that Notch and Delta form detergent-soluble complexes both in cultured cells and embryonic cells, suggesting that Notch and Delta interact directly at the molecular level in vitro and in vivo. Our analyses suggest that Notch and Delta proteins interact at the cell surface via their extracellular domains.

6.1. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES 6.1.1. EXPRESSION CONSTRUCTS

For the Notch expression construct, the 6 kb HpaI fragment from the 5' end of the Notch coding sequence in MgIIa (Ramos et al., 1989, Genetics 123, 337-348) was blunt-end ligated into the metallothionein promoter vector pRmHa-3 (Bunch, et al., 1988, Nucl. Acids Res. 16, 1043-1061) after the vector had been cut with EcoRI and the ends were filled with the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I (Maniatis et al., 1982, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)). A single transformant, incorrectly oriented, was isolated. DNA from this transformant was then digested with SacI, and a resulting 3 kb fragment was isolated that contained the 5' end of the Notch coding sequence fused to the polylinker from pRmHa-3. This fragment was then ligated into the SacI site of pRmHa-3 in the correct orientation. DNA from this construct was digested with KpnI and XbaI to remove must of the Notch sequence and all of the Adh polyadenylation signal in pRmHa-3 and ligated to an 11 kb KpnI-XbaI fragment from MgIIa containing the rest of the Notch coding sequence and 3' sequences necessary for polyadenylation. In the resulting construct, designated pMtNMg, the metallothionein promoter in pRmHa-3 is fused to Notch sequences starting 20 nucleotides upstream of the translation start site.

For the extracellular Notch construct (ECN1), the CosP479BE Notch cosmid (Ramos et al., 1989, Genetics 123, 337-348), which contains all Notch genomic sequences necessary for normal Notch function in vivo, was partially digested with AatII. Fragment ends were made blunt using the exonuclease activity of T4 DNA polymerase (Maniatis et al., 1982, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)), and the fragments were then redigested completely with StuI. The resulting fragments were separated in a low melting temperature agarose gel (SeaPlaque, FMC BioProducts), and the largest fragment was excised. This fragment was then blunt-end ligated to itself. This resulted in an internal deletion of the Notch coding sequences from amino acid 1790 to 2625 inclusive (Wharton et al., 1985, Cell 43, 567-581), and a predicted frameshift that produces a novel 59 amino acid carboxyl terminus. (The ligated junction of this construct has not been checked by sequencing.)

For the Delta expression construct, the Dl1 cDNA (Kopczynski et al., 1988, Genes Dev. 2, 1723-1735), which includes the complete coding capacity for Delta, was inserted into the EcoRI site of pRmHa-3. This construct was called pMTDl1.

6.1.2. ANTIBODY PREPARATION

Hybridoma cell line C17.9C6 was obtained from a mouse immunized with a fusion protein based on a 2.1 kb SalI-HindIII fragment that includes coding sequences for most of the intracellular domain of Notch (amino acids 1791-2504; Wharton et al., 1985, Cell 43, 567-581). The fragment was subcloned into pUR289 (Ruther and Muller-Hill, 1983, EMBO J. 2, 1791-1794), and then transferred into the pATH 1 expression vector (Dieckmann and Tzagoloff, 1985, J. Biol. Chem. 260, 1513-1520) as a BglII-HindIII fragment. Soluble fusion protein was expressed, precipitated by 25% (NH₄)₂ SO₄, resuspended in 6M urea, and purified by preparative isoelectric focusing using a Rotofor (Bio-Rad) (for details, see Fehon, 1989, Rotofor Review No. 7, Bulletin 1518, Richmond, Calif.: Bio-Rad Laboratories).

Mouse polyclonal antisera were raised against the extracellular domain of Notch using four BstYl fragments of 0.8 kb (amino acids 237-501: Wharton et al., 1985, Cell 43, 67-581), 1.1 kb (amino acids 501-868), 0.99 kb (amino acids 868-1200), and 1.4 kb (amino acids 1465-1935) length, which spanned from the fifth EGF-like repeat across the transmembrane domain, singly inserted in-frame into the appropriate pGEX expression vector (Smith and Johnson, 1988, Gene 67, 31-40). Fusion proteins were purified on glutathione-agarose beads (SIGMA). Mouse and rat antisera were precipitated with 50% (NH₄)₂ SO₄ and resuspended in PBS (150 mM NaCl, 14 mM Na₂ HPO₄, 6 mM NaH₂ PO₄) with 0.02% NaN₃.

Hybridoma cell line 201 was obtained from a mouse immunized with a fusion protein based on a 0.54 kb ClaI fragment that includes coding sequences from the extracellular domain of Delta (Kopczynski et al., 1988, Genes Dev. 2, 1723-1735) subcloned into the ClaI site within the lacZ gene of pUR 288 (Ruther and Muller-Hill, 1983, EMBO J. 2, 1791-1794). This fragment includes sequences extending from the fourth through the ninth EGF-like repeats in Delta (amino acids 350-529). Fusion protein was prepared by isolation of inclusion bodies (Gilmer et al., 1982, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79, 2152-2156); inclusion bodies were solubilized in urea (Carroll and Laughon, 1987, in DNA Cloning, Volume III, D. M. Glover, ed. (Oxford: IRL Press), pp. 89-111) before use in immunization.

Rat polyclonal antisera were obtained following immunization with antigen derived from the same fusion protein construct. In this case, fusion protein was prepared by lysis of IPTG-induced cells in SDS-Laemmli buffer (Carroll and Laughon, 1987, in DNA Cloning, Volume III, D. M. Glover, ed. (Oxford: IRL Press), pp. 89-111), separation of proteins by SDS-PAGE, excision of the appropriate band from the gel, and electroelution of antigen from the gel slice for use in immunization (Harlow and Lane, 1988, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)).

6.1.3. CELL CULTURE AND TRANSFECTION

The S2 cell line (Schneider, 1972, J. Embryol. Exp. Morph. 27, 353-365) was grown in M3 medium (prepared by Hazleton Co.) supplemented with 2.5 mg/ml Bacto-Peptone (Difco), 1 mg/ml TC Yeastolate (Difco), 11% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum (FCS) (Hyclone), and 100 U/ml penicillin-100 μg/ml streptomycin-0.25 μg/ml fungizone (Hazleton). Cells growing in log phase at ˜2×10⁶ cells/ml were transfected with 20 μg of DNA-calcium phosphate coprecipitate in 1 ml per 5 ml of culture as previously described (Wigler et al., 1979, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78, 1373-1376), with the exception that BES buffer (SIGMA) was used in place of HEPES buffer (Chen and Okayama, 1987, Mol. Cell. Biol. 7, 2745-2752). After 16-18 hr, cells were transferred to conical centrifuge tubes, pelleted in a clinical centrifuge at full speed for 30 seconds, rinsed once with 1/4 volume of fresh complete medium, resuspended in their original volume of complete medium, and returned to the orignal flask. Transfected cells were then allowed to recover for 24 hr before induction.

6.1.4. AGGREGATION ASSAYS

Expression of the Notch and Delta metallothionein constructs was induced by the addition of CuSO₄ to 0.7 mM. Cells tranfected with the ECN1 construct were treated similarly. Two types of aggregation assays were used. In the first assay, a total of 3 ml of cells (5-10×10⁶ cells/ml) was placed in a 25 ml Erlenmeyer flask and rotated at 40-50 rpm on a rotary shaker for 24-48 hr at room temperature. For these experiments, cells were mixed 1-4 hr after induction began and induction was continued throughout the aggregation period. In the second assay, ˜0.6 ml of cells were placed in a 0.6 ml Eppendorf tube (leaving a small bubble) after an overnight induction (12-16 hr) at room temperature and rocked gently for 1-2 hr at 4° C. The antibody inhibition and Ca²⁺ dependence experiments were performed using the latter assay. For Ca²⁺ dependence experiments, cells were first collected and rinsed in balanced saline solution (BSS) with 11% FCS (BSS-FCS; FCS was dialyzed against 0.9% NaCl, 5 mM Tris [pH 7.5]) or in Ca²⁺ free BSS-FCS containing 10 mM EGTA (Snow et al., 1989, Cell 59, 313-323) and then resuspended in the same medium at the original volume. For the antibody inhibition experiments, Notch-transfected cells were collected and rinsed in M3 medium and then treated before aggregation in M3 medium for 1 hr at 4° C. with a 1:250 dilution of immune or preimmune sera from each of the four mice immunized with fusion proteins containing segments from the extracellular domain of Notch (see Antibody Preparation above).

6.1.5. IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE

Cells were collected by centrifugation (3000 rpm for 20 seconds in an Eppendorf microcentrifuge) and fixed in 0.6 ml Eppendorf tubes with 0.5 ml of freshly made 2% paraformaldehyde in PBS for 10 min at room temperature. After fixing, cells were collected by centrifugation, rinsed twice in PBS, and stained for 1 hr in primary antibody in PBS with 0.1% saponin (SIGMA) and 1% normal goat serum (Pocono Rabbit Farm, Canadensis, Pa.). Monoclonal antibody supernatants were diluted 1:10 and mouse or rat sera were diluted 1:1000 for this step. Cells were then rinsed once in PBS and stained for 1 hr in specific secondary antibodies (double-labeling grade goat anti-mouse and goat anti-rat, Jackson Immunoresearch) in PBS-saponin-normal goat serum. After this incubation, cells were rinsed twice in PBS and mounted on slides in 90% glycerol, 10% 1M Tris (pH 8.0), and 0.5% n-propyl gallate. Cells were viewed under epifluorescence on a Leitz Orthoplan 2 microscope.

Confocal micrographs were taken using the Bio-Rad MRC 500 system connected to a Zeiss Axiovert compound microscope. Images were collected using the BHS and GHS filter sets, aligned using the ALIGN program, and merged using MERGE. Fluorescent bleed-through from the green into the red channel was reduced using the BLEED program (all software provided by Bio-Rad). Photographs were obtained directly from the computer monitor using Kodak Ektar 125 film.

6.1.6. CELL LYSATES, IMMUNOPRECIPITATIONS, AND WESTERN BLOTS

Nondenaturing detergent lysates of tissue culture and wild-type Canton-S embryos were prepared on ice in ˜10 cell vol of lysis buffer (300 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris [pH 8.0], 0.5% NP-40, 0.5% deoxycholate, 1 mM CaCl₂, 1 mM MgCl₂) with 1 mM phenylmethysulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and diisopropyl fluorophosphate diluted 1:2500 as protease inhibitors. Lysates were sequentially triturated using 18G, 21G, and 25G needles attached to 1 cc tuberculin syringes and then centrifuged at full speed in a microfuge 10 min at 4° C. to remove insoluble material. Immunoprecipitation was performed by adding ˜1 μg of antibody (1-2 μl of polyclonal antiserum) to 250-500 μl of cell lysate and incubating for 1 hr at 4° C. with agitation. To this mixture, 15 μg of goat anti-mouse antibodies (Jackson Immunoresearch; these antibodies recognize both mouse and rat IgG) were added and allowed to incubate for 1 hr at 4° C. with agitation. This was followed by the addition of 100 μl of fixed Staphylococcus aureus (Staph A) bacteria (Zysorbin, Zymed; resuspended according to manufacturer's instructions), which had been collected, washed five times in lysis buffer, and incubated for another hour. Staph A-antibody complexes were then pelleted by centrifugation and washed three times in lysis buffer followed by two 15 min washes in lysis buffer. After being transferred to a new tube, precipitated material was suspended in 50 μl of SDS-PAGE sample buffer, boiled immediately for 10 min, run on 3%-15% gradient gels, blotted to nitrocellulose, and detected using monoclonal antibodies and HRP-conjugated goat anti-mouse secondary antibodies as previously described (Johansen et al., 1989, J. Cell Biol. 109, 2427-2440). For total cellular protein samples used on Western blots (FIG. 2), cells were collected by centrifugation, lysed in 10 cell vol of sample buffer that contained 1 mM PMSF, and boiled immediately.

6.2. RESULTS 6.2.1. THE EXPRESSION OF NOTCH AND DELTA IN CULTURED CELLS

To detect interactions between Notch and Delta, we examined the behavior of cells expressing these proteins on their surfaces using an aggregation assay. We chose the S2 cell line (Schneider, 1972, J. Embryol. Exp. Morph. 27, 353-365) for these studies for several reasons. First, these cells are relatively nonadhesive, grow in suspension, and have been used previously in a similar assay to study fasciclin III function (Snow et al., 1989, Cell 59, 313-323). Second, they are readily transfectable, and an inducible metallothionein promoter vector that has been designed for expression of exogenous genes in Drosophila cultured cells is available (Bunch et al., 1988, Nucl. Acids Res. 16, 1043-1061). Third, S2 cells express an aberrant Notch message and no detectable Notch due to a rearrangement of the 5' end of the Notch coding sequence (see below). These cells also express no detectable Delta (see below).

Schematic drawings of the constructs used are shown in FIG. 1 (see Experimental Procedures, Section 6.1, for details). To express Notch in cultured cells, the Notch minigene MGlla, described in Ramos et al. (1989, Genetics 123, 337-348) was inserted into the metallothionein promoter vector pRmHa-3 (Bunch et al., 1988, Nucl. Acids Res. 16, 1043-1061). The Delta expression construct was made by inserting Dl1 cDNA, which contains the entire coding sequence for Delta from the major embryonic Delta transcript (5.4Z; Kopczynski et al., 1988, Genes Dev. 2, 1723-1735), into the same vector. A third construct, designated ECN1 for "extracellular Notch 1", contains the 5' Notch promoter region and 3' Notch polyadenylation signal together with coding capacity for the extracellular and transmembrane regions of the Notch gene from genomic sequences, but lacks coding sequences for 835 amino acids of the ˜1000 amino acid intracellular domain. In addition, due to a predicted frameshift, the remaining 78 carboxy-terminal amino acid residues are replaced by a novel 59 amino acid carboxyterminal tail (see Experimental Procedures).

For all of the experiments described in this paper, expression constructs were transfected into S2 cells and expressed transiently rather than in stable transformants. Expressing cells typically composed 1%-5% of the total cell population, as judged by immunofluorescent staining (data not shown). A Western blot of proteins expressed after transfection is shown in FIG. 2. Nontransfected cells do not express detectable levels of Notch or Delta. However, after transfection, proteins of the predicted apparent molecular weights are readily detectable using monoclonal antibodies specific for each of these proteins, respectively. In the case of Notch, multiple bands were apparent in transfected cells below the ˜300 kd full-length product. We do not yet know whether these bands represent degradation of Notch during sample preparation or perhaps synthesis or processing intermediates of Notch that are present within cells, but we consistently detect them in samples from transfected cells and from embryos. In addition, we performed immunofluorescent staining of live transfected cells with antibodies specific for the extracellular domains of each protein to test for cell surface expression of these proteins. In each case we found surface staining as expected for a surface antigen. Taken together, these results clearly show that the Notch and Delta constructs support expression of proteins of the expected sizes and subcellular localization.

6.2.2. CELLS THAT EXPRESS NOTCH AND DELTA AGGREGATE

To test the prediction that Notch and Delta interact, we designed a simple aggregation assay to detect these interactions between proteins expressed on the surface of S2 cells. We reasoned that if Notch and Delta are able to form stable heterotypic complexes at the cell surface, then cells that express these proteins might bind to one another and form aggregates under appropriate conditions. A similar assay system has recently been described for the fasciclin III protein (Snow et al., 1989, Cell 59, 313-323).

S2 cells in log phase growth were separately transfected with either the Notch or Delta metallothionein promoter construct. After induction with CuSO₄, transfected cells were mixed in equal numbers and allowed to aggregate overnight at room temperature (for details, see Experimental Procedures, Section 6.1). Alternatively, in some experiments intended to reduce metabolic activity, cells were mixed gently at 4° C. for 1-2 hr. To determine whether aggregates had formed, cells were processed for immunofluorescence microscopy using antibodies specific for each gene product and differently labeled fluorescent secondary antibodies. As previously mentioned, expressing cells usually constituted less than 5% of the total cell population because we used transient rather than stable transformants. The remaining cells either did not express a given protein or expressed at levels too low for detection by immunofluorescence microscopy. As controls, we performed aggregations with only a single type of transfected cell.

FIG. 3 shows representative photomicrographs from aggregation experiments, and Table I presents the results in numerical form. As is apparent from FIG. 3C and Table I, while Notch-expressing (Notch⁺) cells alone do not form aggregates in our assay, Delta-expressing (Delta⁺) cells do.

                                      TABLE I                                      __________________________________________________________________________     PERCENTAGES OF NOTCH.sup.+  AND DELTA.sup.+  CELLS IN AGGREGATES                      Notch.sup.+                                                                              Delta.sup.+                                                          Control                                                                            Aggregated                                                                           Control                                                                            Aggregated                                                                           Notch.sup.+ -Delta.sup.+                                   Cells.sup.b                                                                        Cells.sup.c                                                                          Cells.sup.b                                                                        Cells.sup.c                                                                          Overall.sup.d                                                                      N Cells.sub.-.sup.e                                                                 D1 Cells.sup.f                             __________________________________________________________________________     Experiment 1                                                                          0   0     19  37    32  26   42                                         Experiment 2                                                                          --  1     --  40    54  47   79                                         Experiment 3                                                                          0   --    12  --    43  42   44                                         Experiment 4                                                                          5   5     20  --    47  41   59                                         Experiment 5.sup.gh                                                                   --  2     --  48    71  66   82                                         Experiment 6.sup.h                                                                    0   0     13  61    63  60   73                                         __________________________________________________________________________      .sup.a Aggregates defined as clusters of four or more expressing cells.        For all values, as least 100 expressing cell units (single cells or cell       clusters) were scored. Notch.sup.+, Notchexpressing; Delta.sup.+, Delta        expressing.                                                                    .sup.b Control cells taken directly from transfection flasks without           incubation in the aggregation assay.                                           .sup.c Control cells after incubation in the aggregation assay.                .sup.d Combined aggregation data for both Notch.sup.+  and Delta.sup.+         cells in Notch.sup.+ -Delta.sup.+  aggregates.                                 .sup.e Aggregation data for Notch.sup.+  cells in Notch.sup.+ -Delta.sup.       aggregates.                                                                   .sup.f Aggregation data for Delta.sup.+ -cells in Notch.sup.+ -Delta.sup.       aggregates.                                                                   .sup.g Cells from this experiment from same transfection as Experiment 4.      .sup.h Data from 48 hr aggregation experiments. All other data are from 2      hr aggregation experiments.                                              

The tendency for Delta⁺ cells to aggregate was apparent even in nonaggregated control samples (Table I), where cell clusters of 4-8 cells that probably arose from adherence between mitotic sister cells commonly occurred. However, clusters were more common after incubation under aggregation conditions (e.g., 19% of Delta⁺ cells in aggregates before incubation vs. 37% of Delta⁺ cells in aggregates after incubation; Experiment 1 in Table I), indicating that Delta⁺ cells are able to form stable contacts with one another in this assay. It is important to note that while nonstaining cells constituted over 90% of the cells in our transient transfections, we never found them within aggregates. On rare occasions, nonstaining cells were found at the edge of an aggregate. Due to the common occurrence of weakly staining cells at the edges of aggregates, it is likely that these apparently nonexpressing cells were transfected but expressed levels of Delta insufficient to be detected by immunofluorescence.

In remarkable contrast to control experiments with Notch⁺ cells alone, aggregation of mixtures of Notch⁺ and Delta⁺ cells resulted in the formation of clusters of up to 20 or more cells (FIGS. 3D-3H, Table I). As Table I shows, the fraction of expressing cells found in clusters of four or more stained cells after 24 hr of aggregation ranged from 32%-54% in mixtures of Notch⁺ and Delta⁺ cells. This range was similar to that seen for Delta⁺ cells alone (37%-40%) but very different from that for Notch⁺ cells alone (only 0%-5%). Although a few clusters that consisted only of Delta⁺ cells were found, Notch⁺ cells were never found in clusters of greater than four to five cells unless Delta⁺ cells were also present. Again, all cells within these clusters expressed either Notch or Delta, even though transfected cells composed only a small fraction of the total cell population. At 48 hr (Table I, experiments 5 and 6), the degree of aggregation appeared higher (63%-71%), suggesting that aggregation had not yet reached a maximum after 24 hr under these conditions. Also, cells cotransfected with Notch and Delta constructs (so that all transfected cells express both proteins) aggregated in a similar fashion under the same experimental conditions.

These results indicate that the aggregation observed in these experiments requires the expression of Notch and Delta and is not due to the fortuitous expression of another interacting protein in nontransfected S2 cells. We further tested the specificity of this interaction by diluting Notch⁺ and Delta⁺ cells 10-fold with nontransfected S2 cells and allowing them to aggregate for 24 hr at room temperature. In this experiment, 39% of the expressing cells were found in aggregates with other expressing cells, although they composed less than 0.1% of the total cell population. Not surprisingly, however, these aggregates were smaller on average than those found in standard aggregation experiments. In addition, to control for the possibility that Notch⁺ cells are nonspecifically recruited into the Delta⁺ aggregates because they overexpress a single type of protein on the cell surface, we mixed Delta⁺ cells with cells that expressed neuroglian, a transmembrane cell-surface protein (Bieber et al., 1989, Cell 59, 447-460), under the control of the metallothionein promoter (this metallothionein-neuroglian construct was kindly provided by A. Bieber and C. Goodman). We observed no tendency for neuroglian⁺ cells to adhere to Delta⁺ aggregates, indicating that Notch-Delta aggregation is not merely the result of high levels of protein expression on the cell surface.

We also tested directly for Notch involvement in the aggregation process by examining the effect of a mixture of polyclonal antisera directed against fusion proteins that spanned almost the entire extracellular domain of Notch on aggregation (see Experimental Procedures, Section 6.1). To minimize artifacts that might arise due to a metabolic response to patching of surface antigens, antibody treatment and the aggregation assay were performed at 4° C. in these experiments. Notch⁺ cells were incubated with either preimmune or immune mouse sera for 1 hr, Delta⁺ cells were added, and aggregation was performed for 1-2 hr. While Notch⁺ cells pretreated with preimmune sera aggregated with Delta⁺ cells (in one of three experiments, 23% of the Notch⁺ cells were in Notch⁺ -Delta⁺ cell aggregates), those treated with immune sera did not (only 2% of Notch⁺ cells were in aggregates). This result suggests that the extracellular domain of Notch is required for Notch⁺ -Delta⁺ cell aggregation, although we cannot rule out the possibility that the reduced aggregation was due to inhibitory steric or membrane structure effects resulting from exposure of Notch⁺ cells to the antiserum.

Three other observations worth noting are apparent in FIG. 3. First, while Delta was almost always apparent only at the cell surface (FIGS. 3B and 3C), Notch staining was always apparent both at the cell surface and intracellularly, frequently associated with vesicular structures (FIG. 3A). Second, we consistently noted a morphological difference between Delta⁺ and Notch⁺ cells in mixed aggregates that were incubated overnight. Delta⁺ cells often had long extensions that completely surrounded adjacent Notch⁺ cells, while Notch⁺ cells were almost always rounded in appearance without noticeable cytoplasmic extensions (FIG. 3G). Third, Notch and Delta often appeared to gather within regions of contact between Notch⁺ and Delta⁺ cells, producing a sharp band of immunofluorescent staining (FIGS. 3D-3F). These bands were readily visible in optical sections viewed on the confocal microscope (FIG. 3H), indicating that they were not merely due to a whole-mount artifact. We also observed that these bands formed rapidly (within 2 hr of mixing cells) and at 4° C., indicating that their formation probably did not depend upon cellular metabolism. These observations would be expected if, within regions of cell contact, Notch and Delta bind to one another and therefore become immobolized. This pattern of expression is also consistent with that observed for other proteins that mediate cell aggregation (Takeichi, 1988, Development 102, 639-655; Snow et al., 1989, Cell 59, 313-323).

6.2.3. NOTCH-DELTA-MEDIATED AGGREGATION IS CALCIUM DEPENDENT

Previous studies have suggested that EGF-like repeats that contain a particular consensus sequence may serve as calcium (Ca²⁺) binding domains (Morita et al., 1984, J. Biol. Chem. 259, 5698-5704; Sugo et al., 1984, J. Biol. Chem. 259, 5705-5710; Rees et al., 1988, EMBO J. 7, 2053-2061; Handford et al., 1990, EMBO J. 9, 475-480). For at least two of these proteins, C and C1, Ca²⁺ binding has further been shown to be a necessary component of their interactions with other proteins (Villiers et al., 1980, FEBS Lett. 117, 289-294; Esmon et al., 1983, J. Biol. Chem. 258, 5548-5553; Johnson, et al., 1983, J. Biol. Chem. 258, 5554-5560). Many of the EGF-homologous repeats within Notch and most of those within Delta contain the necessary consensus sequence for Ca²⁺ binding (Rees et al., 1988, EMBO J. 7, 2053-2061; Stenflo et al., 1987, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 368-372; Kopczynski et al., 1988, Genes Dev. 2, 1723-1735; Handford et al., 1990, EMBO J. 9, 475-480), although it has not yet been determined whether or not these proteins do bind calcium. We therefore tested the ability of expressing cells to aggregate in the presence or absence of Ca²⁺ ions to determine whether there is a Ca²⁺ ion requirement for Notch-Delta aggregation. To minimize possible nonspecific effects due to metabolic responses to the removal of Ca²⁺, these experiments were performed at 4° C. Control mixtures of Notch⁺ and Delta⁺ cells incubated under aggregation conditions in Ca²⁺ -containing medium at 4° C. readily formed aggregates (an average of 34%±13%, mean+SD, n=3; Table II). In contrast, cells mixed in medium that lacked Ca²⁺ ions and contained EGTA formed few aggregates (5%+5%). These results clearly demonstrate a dependence of Notch-Delta-mediated aggregation on exogenous Ca²⁺ and are in marked contrast to those recently published for the Drosophila fasciclin III and fasciclin I proteins in S2 cells (Snow et al., 1989, Cell 59, 313-323; Elkins et al., 1990, J. Cell Biol. 110, 1825-1832), which detected no effect of Ca²⁺ ion removal on aggregation mediated by either protein.

                  TABLE II                                                         ______________________________________                                         EFFECT OF EXOGENOUS Ca.sup.2+  ON                                              NOTCH.sup.+ -DELTA.sup.+  AGGREGATION.sup.a                                           Without Ca.sup.2+  Ions                                                                      With Ca.sup.2+  Ions                                             Over- N       D1      Over- N     D1                                           all.sup.b                                                                            Cells.sup.c                                                                            Cells.sup.d                                                                            all.sup.b                                                                            Cells.sup.c                                                                          Cells.sup.d                           ______________________________________                                         Experiment 1                                                                            4       2       5     28    28    27                                  Experiment 2                                                                            12      0       13    53    63    50                                  Experiment 3                                                                            0       0       0     22    28    17                                  ______________________________________                                          .sup.a Data presented as percentage of expressing cells found in               aggregates (as in Table I).                                                    .sup.b Combined aggregation data for both Notch.sup.+  and Delta.sup.+         cells.                                                                         .sup.c Aggregation data for Notch.sup.+  cells in Notch.sup.+ -Delta.sup.       aggregates.                                                                   .sup.d Aggregation data for Delta.sup.+  cells in Notch.sup.+ -Delta.sup.       aggregates.                                                             

6.2.4. NOTCH AND DELTA INTERACT WITHIN A SINGLE CELL

We asked whether Notch and Delta are associated within the membrane of one cell that expresses both proteins by examining the distributions of Notch and Delta in cotransfected cells. As shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B, these two proteins often show very similar distributions at the surface of cotransfected cells. To test whether the observed colocalization was coincidental or represented a stable interaction between Notch and Delta, we treated live cells with an excess of polyclonal anti-Notch antiserum. This treatment resulted in "patching" of Notch on the surface of expressing cells into discrete patches as detected by immunofluorescence. There was a distinct correlation between the distributions of Notch and Delta on the surfaces of these cells after this treatment (FIGS. 4C and 4D), indicating that these proteins are associated within the membrane. It is important to note that these experiments do not address the question of whether this association is direct or mediated by other components, such as the cytoskeleton. To control for the possibility that Delta is nonspecifically patched in this experiment, we cotransfected cells with Notch and with the previously mentioned neuroglian construct (A. Bieber and C. Goodman, unpublished data) and patched with anti-Notch antisera. In this case there was no apparent correlation between Notch and neuroglian.

6.2.5. INTERACTIONS WITH DELTA DO NOT REQUIRE THE INTRACELLULAR DOMAIN OF NOTCH

In addition to a large extracellular domain that contains EGF-like repeats, Notch has a sizeable intracellular (IC) domain of ˜940 amino acids. The IC domain includes a phosphorylation site (Kidd et al., 1989, Genes Dev. 3, 1113-1129), a putative nucleotide binding domain, a polyglutamine stretch (Wharton et al., 1985, Cell 43, 567-581; Kidd, et al., 1986, Mol. Cell. Biol. 6, 3094-3108), and sequences homologous to the yeast cdc10 gene, which is involved in cell cycle control in yeast (Breeden and Nasmyth, 1987, Nature 329, 651-654). Given the size and structural complexity of this domain, we wondered whether it is required for Notch-Delta interactions. We therefore used a variant Notch construct from which coding sequences for ˜835 amino acids of the IC domain, including all of the structural features noted above, had been deleted (leaving 25 membrane-proximal amino acids and a novel 59 amino acid carboxyl terminus; see Experimental Procedures and FIG. 1 for details). This construct, designated ECN1, was expressed constitutively under control of the normal Notch promoter in transfected cells at a level lower than that observed for the metallothionein promoter constructs, but still readily detectable by immunofluorescence.

In aggregation assays, cells that expressed the ECN1 construct consistently formed aggregates with Delta⁺ cells (31% of ECNl-expressing cells were in aggregates in one of three experiments; see also FIG. 3I), but not with themselves (only 4% in aggregates), just as we observed for cells that expressed intact Notch. We also observed sharp bands of ECN1 staining within regions of contact with Delta⁺ cells, again indicating a localization of ECN1 within regions of contact between cells. To test for interactions within the membrane, we repeated the surface antigen co-patching experiments using cells cotransfected with the ECN1 and Delta constructs. As observed for intact Notch, we found that when ECN1 was patched using polyclonal antisera against the extracellular domain of Notch, ECN1 and Delta colocalized at the cell surface (FIGS. 4E and 4F). These results demonstrate that the observed interactions between Notch and Delta within the membrane do not require the deleted portion of the IC domain of Notch and are therefore probably mediated by the extracellular domain. However, it is possible that the remaining transmembrane or IC domain sequences in ECN1 are sufficient to mediate interactions within a single cell.

6.2.6. NOTCH AND DELTA FORM DETERGENT-SOLUBLE INTERMOLECULAR COMPLEXES

Together, we take the preceding results to indicate molecular interactions between Notch and Delta present within the same membrane and between these proteins expressed on different cells. As a further test for such interactions, we asked whether these proteins would coprecipitate from nondenaturing detergent extracts of cells that express Notch and Delta. If Notch and Delta form a stable intermolecular complex either between or within cells, then it should be possible to precipitate both proteins from cell extracts using specific antisera directed against one of these proteins. We performed this analysis by immunoprecipitating Delta with polyclonal antisera from NP-40/deoxycholate lysates (see Experimental Procedures) of cells cotransfected with the Notch and Delta constructs that had been allowed to aggregate overnight or of 0-24 hr wild-type embryos. We were unable to perform the converse immunoprecipitates because it was not possible to discern unambiguously a faint Delta band among background Staph A bands. It is important to note that we tested this polyclonal anti-Delta antiserum for cross-reactivity against Notch in cell lysates (FIG. 5A, lane 1) and by immunofluorescence (e.g., compare FIGS. 3D and 3E) and found none. After repeated washing to remove nonspecifically adhering proteins, we assayed for coprecipitation of Notch using a monoclonal antibody (MAb C17.9C6) against Notch on Western blots.

As FIG. 5 shows, we did detect coprecipitation of Notch in Delta immunoprecipitates from cotransfected cells and embryos. However, coprecipitating Notch appeared to be present in much smaller quantities than Delta and was therefore difficult to detect. This disparity is most likely due to the disruption of Notch-Delta complexes during the lysis and washing steps of the procedure. However, it is also possible that this disparity reflects a nonequimolar interaction between Notch and Delta or greatly different affinities of the antisera used to detect these proteins. The fact that immunoprecipitation of Delta results in the coprecipitation of Notch constitutes direct evidence that these two proteins form stable intermolecular complexes in transfected S2 cells and in embryonic cells.

6.3. DISCUSSION

We have studied interactions between the protein products of two of the neurogenic loci, Notch and Delta, in order to understand their cellular functions better. Using an in vitro aggregation assay that employs normally nonadhesive S2 cells, we showed that cells that express Notch and Delta adhere specifically to one another. The specificity of this interaction is apparent from the observation that Notch⁺ -Delta⁺ cell aggregates rarely contained nonexpressing cells, even though nonexpressing cells composed the vast majority of the total cell population in these experiments. We propose that this aggregation is mediated by heterotypic binding between the extracellular domains of Notch and Delta present on the surfaces of expressing cells. Consistent with this proposal, we find that antisera directed against the extracellular domain of Notch inhibit Notch-Delta-mediated aggregation, and that the ECN1 Notch variant, which lacks almost all of the Notch intracellular domain, can mediate aggregation with cells that express Delta. We also found that cells that express only Delta aggregate with one another, while those that express only Notch do not. These findings suggest that Delta can participate in a homotypic interaction when present on apposed cell surfaces but that Notch cannot under our assay conditions.

The proposal that Notch and Delta interact at the cell surface is further supported by three lines of evidence. First, we find an intense localization of both proteins within regions of contact which Notch⁺ and Delta⁺ cells, implying that Notch and Delta interact directly, even when expressed in different cells. Second, Notch and Delta colocalize on the surface of cells that express both proteins, suggesting that these proteins can interact within the cell membrane. Third, Notch and Delta can be coprecipitated from nondenaturing detergent extracts of cultured cells that express both proteins as well as from extracts of embryonic cells. Together, these results strongly support the hypothesis that Notch and Delta can interact heterotypically when expressed on the surfaces of either the same or different cells.

The underlying basis for the observed genetic interactions between Notch and Delta and between Notch and mam (Xu et al., 1990, Genes Dev. 4, 464-475) may be a dose-sensitive interaction between the proteins encoded by these genes.

Two lines of evidence suggest that the Notch and Delta proteins function similarly in vitro and in vivo. First, the genetic analyses have indicated that the stoichiometry of Notch and Delta is crucial for their function in development. Our observations that both Notch-Delta and Delta-Delta associations may occur in vitro imply that Notch and Delta may compete for binding to Delta. Thus, dose-sensitive genetic interactions between Notch and Delta may be the result of competitive binding interactions between their protein products. Second, we were able to detect Notch-Delta association in lysates of cultured cells and in lysates of Drosophila embryos using immunoprecipitation. Taken together, these genetic and biochemical analyses sugggest that Notch and Delta do associate in vivo in a manner similar to that which we propose on the basis of our aggregation assays.

Genetic and molecular analyses of Notch have also raised the possibility that there may be interactions between individual Notch proteins (Portin, 1975, Genetics 81, 121-133; Kelley et al., 1987, Cell 51, 539-548; Artavanis-Tsakonas, 1988, Trends Genet. 4, 95-100). Indeed, Kidd et al. (1989, Genes Dev. 3, 1113-1129) have proposed that this protein forms disulfide cross-linked dimers, although this point has not yet been rigorously proven. With or without the formation of covalent cross-links, such interactions could presumably occur either within a single cell or between cells. However, our find that Notch⁺ cells do not aggregate homotypically suggests that Notch-Notch associations are likely to occur within a single cell and not between cells. Alternatively, it is possible that homotypic Notch interactions require gene products that are not expressed in S2 cells.

The Notch-Delta interactions indicated by our analysis are probably mediated by the extracellular domains of these proteins. Aggregation experiments using the ECN1 construct, from which almost the entire intracellular domain of Notch has been removed or altered by in vitro mutagenesis, confirmed this conclusion. Further experiments that demonstrate ECN1-Delta associations within the membrane on the basis of their ability to co-patch indicated that these interactions are also likely to be mediated by the extracellular domains of Notch and Delta, although in this case we cannot exclude possible involvement of the transmembrane domain or the remaining portion of the Notch intracellular domain. These results are especially interesting in light of the fact that both Notch and Delta have EGF-like repeats within their extracellular domains (Wharton et al., 1985, Cell 43, 567-581; Kidd et al., 1986, Mol. Cell Biol. 6, 3094-3108; Vassin et al., 1987, EMBO J. 6, 3431-3440; Kopczynski et al., 1988, Genes Dev. 2, 1723-1735).

A second issue of interest regarding EGF domains is the proposal that they can serve as Ca²⁺ binding domains when they contain a consensus sequence consisting of Asp, Asp/Asn, Asp/Asn, and Tyr/Phe residues at conserved positions within EGF-like repeats (Rees et al., 1988, EMBO J. 7, 2053-2061; Handford et al., 1990, EMBO J. 9, 475-480). Comparisons with a proposed consensus sequence for Ca²⁺ binding have revealed that similar sequences are found within many of the EGF-like repeats of Notch (Rees et al., 1988, EMBO J. 7, 2053-2061) and within most of the EGF-like repeats of Delta (Kopczynski et al., 1988, Genes Dev. 2, 1723-1735). Furthermore, sequence analyses of Notch mutations have shown that certain Ax alleles are associated with changes in amino acids within this putative Ca²⁺ binding domain (Kelley et al., 1987, Cell 51, 539-548; Hartley et al., 1987, EMBO J. 6, 3407-3417; Rees et al., 1988, EMBO J. 7, 2053-2061). For example, the Ax^(E2) mutation, which correlates with a His to Tyr change in the 29th EGF-like repeat, appears to change this repeat toward the consensus for Ca²⁺ binding. Conversely, the Ax^(9B2) mutation appears to change the 24th EGF-like repeat away from this consensus as a result of an Asp to Val change. Thus, the genetic interactions between Ax alleles and Delta mutations (Xu et al., 1990, Genes Dev., 4, 464-475) raise the possibility that Ca²⁺ ions play a role in Notch-Delta interactions. Our finding that exogenous Ca²⁺ is necessary for Notch-Delta-mediated aggregation of transfected S2 cells supports this contention.

As we have argued (Johansen et al., 1989, J. Cell Biol. 109, 2427-2440; Alton et al., 1989, Dev. Genet. 10, 261-272), on the basis of previous molecular and genetic analyses one could not predict with any certainty the cellular function of either Notch or Delta beyond their involvement in cell-cell interactions. However, given the results presented here, it now seems reasonable to suggest that Notch and Delta may function in vivo to mediate adhesive interactions between cells. At the same time, it is quite possible that the observed Notch-Delta interactions may not reflect a solely adhesive function and may in addition reflect receptor-ligand binding interactions that occur in vivo. Indeed, the presence of a structurally complex 1000 amino acid intracellular domain within Notch may be more consistent with a role in signal transduction than with purely adhesive interactions. Given that Notch may have an adhesive function in concert with Delta, axonal expression of Notch may play some role in axon guidance.

EGF REPEATS 11 AND 12 OF NOTCH ARE REQUIRED AND SUFFICIENT FOR NOTCH-DELTA-MEDIATED AGGREGATION

In this study, we use the same aggregation assay as described in Section 6, together with deletion mutants of Notch to identify regions within the extracellular domain of Notch necessary for interactions with Delta. We present evidence that the EGF repeats of Notch are directly involved in this interaction and that only two of the 36 EGF repeats appear necessary. We demonstrate that these two EGF repeats are sufficient for binding to Delta and that the calcium dependence of Notch-Delta mediated aggregation also associates with these two repeats. Finally, the two corresponding EGF repeats from the Xenopus homolog of Notch also mediate aggregation with Delta, implying that not only has the structure of Notch been evolutionarily conserved, but also its function. These results suggest that the extracellular domain of Notch is surprisingly modular, and could potentially bind a variety of proteins in addition to Delta.

7.1. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES 7.1.1. EXPRESSION CONSTRUCTS

The constructs described are all derivatives of the full length Notch expression construct #1 pMtNMg (see Section 6, supra). All ligations were performed using DNA fragments cut from low melting temperature agarose gels (Sea Plaque, FMC BioProducts). The 6 kb EcoRI-XhoI fragment from pMtNMg containing the entire extracellular domain of Notch was ligated into the EcoRI-XhoI sites of the Bluescript vector (Stratagene), and named RI/XBS. All subsequent deletions and insertions of EGF repeats were performed in this subclone. The Notch sequence containing the EcoRI-XhoI fragment of these RI/XBS derivatives was then mixed with the 5.5 kb XhoI-XbaI fragment from pMtNMg containing the intracellular domain and 3' sequences needed for polyadenylation, and then inserted into the EcoRI-XbaI site of pRMHa-3 (Bunch et al., 1988, Nucl. Acids Res. 16, 1043-1061) in a three piece ligation. All subsequent numbers refer to nucleotide coordinates of the Notch sequence according to Wharton et al. (1985, Cell 43, 567-581).

For construct #2 DSph, RI/XBS was digested to completion with SphI and then recircularized, resulting in a 3.5 kb in-frame deletion from SphI(996) to Sphi(4545).

For construct #3 ΔCla, RI/XBS was digested to completion with ClaI and then religated, producing a 2.7 kb in-frame deletion from ClaI(1668) to ClaI(4407). The ligation junction was checked by double strand sequencing (as described by Xu et al., 1990, Genes Dev. 4, 464-475) using the Sequenase Kit (U.S. Biochemical Corp., Cleveland). We found that although the ClaI site at position 4566 exists according to the sequence, it was not recognized under our conditions by the ClaI restriction enzyme.

For constructs #4-12, RI/XBS was partially digested with ClaI and then religated to produce all possible combinations of in-frame deletions: construct #4 ΔEGF7-17 removed the sequence between ClaI(1668) and ClaI(2820); Construct #5 ΔEGF9-26 removed the sequence between ClaI(1905) and ClaI(3855); construct #66 ΔEGF17-31 removed the sequence between ClaI(2820) and ClaI(4407); construct #7 ΔEGF7-9 removed the sequence between ClaI(1668) and ClaI(1905); construct #8 ΔEGF9-17 removed the sequence between ClaI(1905) and ClaI(2820); construct #9 ΔEGF17-26 removed the sequence between ClaI(2820) and ClaI(3855); construct #10 ΔEGF 26-30 removed the sequence between ClaI(3855) and ClaI(4407); construct #11 ΔEGF9-30 removed the sequence between ClaI(1905) and ClaI(4407); construct #12 ΔEGF 7-26 removed the sequence between ClaI(1668) and ClaI(3855).

For constructs #13 ΔCla+EGF9-17 and #14 ΔCla+EGF17-26, the ˜0.9 kb fragment between ClaI(1905) and ClaI(2820), and the ˜1.0 kb fragment between ClaI(2820) and ClaI(3855), respectively, were inserted into the unique ClaI site of construct #3 ΔCla.

For construct #16 split, the 11 kb KpnI/XbaI fragment of pMtNMg was replaced with the corresponding KpnI/XbaI fragment from a Notch minigene construct containing the split mutation in EGF repeat 14.

For constructs #17-25, synthetic primers for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were designed to amplify stretches of EGF repeats while breaking the EGF repeats at the ends of the amplified piece in the same place as the common ClaI sites just after the third cysteine of the repeat (see FIG. 7). The PCR products were gel purified as usual and ligated into the ClaI site of construct #3 ΔCla which was made blunt by filling with the Klenow fragment of DNA Polymerase I (Maniatis et al., 1990, Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.). The correct orientation of the inserts was determined by PCR using a sense strand primer within the insert together with an antisense strand primer in EGF repeat 35. All primers were 20-mers, and were named with the number of the nucleotide at their 5' end, according to the nucleotide coordinates of the Notch sequence in Wharton et al. (1985, Cell 43, 567-581), and S refers to a sense strand primer while A refers to an antisense strand primer.

Construct #16 ΔCla+EGF(9-13) used primers S1917 and A2367.

Construct #17 ΔCla+EGF(11-15) used primers S2141 and A2591.

Construct #18 ΔCla+EGF(13-17) used primers S2375 and A2819.

Construct #19 ΔCla+EGF(10-13) used primers S2018 and A2367.

Construct #20 ΔCla+EGF(11-13) used primers S2141 and A2367.

Construct #21 ΔCla+EGF(10-12) used primers S2018 and A2015.

Construct #22 ΔCla+EGF(10-11) used primers S2018 and A2322.

Construct #23 ΔCla+EGF(10-12) used primers S2018 and A2322.

Construct #24 ΔCla+EGF(11-12) used primers S2081 and A2322.

For construct #25 ΔEGF, construct R1/XBS was digested to completion with SphI(996) and partially digested with BamHI(5135). The resulting incompatible ends were joined using a synthetic linker designed to create a unique ClaI site. This produced an in frame deletion which removed all 36 EGF repeats with the exception of the first half of repeat 1. For constructs #26-29, the EGF fragments were inserted into this ClaI site as previously described for the corresponding constructs #13, 16, 19, and 23.

For construct #30 ΔECN, construct R1/XBS was digested to completion with BglI, EcoRI and XhoI. The ˜0.2 kb EcoRI-BglI fragment (722-948) and the ˜0.7 kb BglI-XhoI (5873-6627) fragments were ligated with EcoRI-XhoI cut Bluescript vector and a synthetic linker designed to create a unique ClaI site, resulting in an in-frame deletion from BglI(941) to BglI(5873) that removed all 36 EGF repeats except for the first third of repeat 1 as well as the 3 Notch/lin-12 repeats. For constructs #31 and 32, the EGF fragments were inserted into the unique ClaI site as previously described for constructs #19 and 23.

For constructs #33 and 34, PCR primers S1508 and A1859 based on the Xenopus Notch sequence (Coffman et al., 1990, Science 249, 1438-1441; numbers refer to nucleotide coordinates used in this paper), were used to amplify EGF repeats 11 and 12 out of a Xenopus stage 17 cDNA library (library was made by D. Melton and kindly provided by M. Danilchek). The fragment was ligated into construct #3 DCla and sequenced.

7.1.2. CELL CULTURE AND TRANSFECTION

The Drosphila S2 cell line was grown and transfected as described in Section 6, supra. The Delta-expressing stably transformed S2 cell line L-49-6-7 (kindly established by L. Cherbas) was grown in M3 medium (prepared by Hazleton Co.) supplemented with 11% heat inactivated fetal calf serum (FCS) (Hyclone), 100 U/ml penicillin-100 μg/ml streptomycin-0.25 μg/ml fungizone (Hazleton), 2×10⁻⁷ M methotrexate, 0.1 mM hypoxanthine, and 0.016 mM thymidine.

7.1.3. AGGREGATION ASSAYS AND IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE

Aggregation assays and Ca⁺⁺ dependence experiments were as described supra, Section 6. Cells were stained with the anti-Notch monoclonal antibody 9C6.C17 and anti-Delta rat polyclonal antisera (details described in Section 6, supra). Surface expression of Notch constructs in unpermeabilized cells was assayed using rat polyclonal antisera raised against the 0.8 kb (amino acids 237-501; Wharton et al., 985, Cell 43, 567-581) BstYI fragment from the extracellular domain of Notch. Cells were viewed under epifluorescence on a Leitz Orthoplan 2 microscope.

7.2. RESULTS 7.2.1. EGF REPEATS 11 AND 12 OF NOTCH ARE REQUIRED FOR NOTCH-DELTA MEDIATED AGGREGATION

We have undertaken an extensive deletion analysis of the extracellular domain of the Notch protein, which we have shown (supra, Section 6) to be involved in Notch-Delta interactions, to identify the precise domain of Notch mediating these interactions. We tested the ability of cells transfected with the various deletion constructs to interact with Delta using the aggregation assay described in Section 6. Briefly, Notch deletion constructs were transiently transfected into Drosophila S2 cells, induced with CuSO₄, and then aggregated overnight at room temperature with a small amount of cells from the stably transformed Delta expressing cell line L49-6-7(Cherbas), yielding a population typically composed of ˜1% Notch expressing cells and ˜5% Delta expressing cells, with the remaining cells expressing neither protein. To assay the degree of aggregation, cells were stained with antisera specific to each gene product and examined with immunofluorescent microscopy (see experimental procedures for details). Aggregates were defined as clusters of four or more cells containing both Notch and Delta expressing cells, and the values shown in FIG. 6 represent the percentage of all Notch expressing cells found in such clusters. All numbers reflect the average result from at least two separate transfection experiments in which at least 100 Notch expressing cell units (either single cells or clusters) were scored.

Schematic drawings of the constructs tested and results of the aggregation experiments are shown in FIG. 6 (see Experimental Procedures for details). All expression constructs were derivatives of the full length Notch expression construct #1 pMtNMg (described in Section 6, supra).

The initial constructs (#2 DSph and #3 ΔCla) deleted large portions of the EGF repeats. Their inability to promote Notch-Delta aggregation suggested that the EGF repeats of Notch were involved in the interaction with Delta. We took advantage of a series of six in-frame ClaI restriction sites to further dissect the region between EGF repeats 7 and 30. Due to sequence homology between repeats, five of the ClaI sites occur in the same relative place within the EGF repeat, just after the third cysteine, while the sixth site occurs just before the first cysteine of EGF repeat 31 (FIG. 7). Thus, by performing a partial ClaI digestion and then religating, we obtained deletions that not only preserved the open reading frame of the Notch protein but in addition frequently maintained the structural integrity and conserved spacing, at least theoretically, of the three disulfide bonds in the chimeric EGF repeats produced by the religation (FIG. 6, constructs #4-14). Unfortunately, the most 3' ClaI site was resistant to digestion while the next most 3' ClaI site broke between EGF repeats 30 and 31. Therefore, when various ClaI digestion fragments were reinserted into the framework of the complete ClaI digest (construct #3 ΔCla), the overall structure of the EGF repeats was apparently interrupted at the 3' junction.

Several points about this series of constructs are worth noting. First, removal of the ClaI restriction fragment breaking in EGF repeats 9 and 17 (construct #8 ΔEGF9-17) abolished aggregation with Delta, while reinsertion of this piece into construct #3 ΔCla, which lacks EGF repeats 7-30, restored aggregation to roughly wild type levels (construct #13 ΔCla+EGF9-17), suggesting that EGF repeats 9 through 17 contain sequences important for binding to Delta. Second, all constructs in this series (#4-14) were consistent with the binding site mapping to EGF repeats 9 through 17. Expression constructs containing these repeats (#6, 7, 9, 10, 13) promoted Notch-Delta interactions while constructs lacking these repeats (#4, 5, 8, 11, 12, 14) did not. To confirm that inability to aggregate with Delta cells was not simply due to failure of the mutagenized Notch protein to reach the cell surface, but actually reflected the deletion of the necessary binding site, we tested for cell surface expression of all constructs by immunofluorescently staining live transfected cells with antibodies specific to the extracellular domain of Notch. All constructs failing to mediate Notch-Delta interactions produced a protein that appeared to be expressed normally at the cell surface. Third, although the aggregation assay is not quantitative, two constructs which contained EGF repeats 9-17, #9 ΔEGF17-26 or most noticeably #10 ΔEGF26-30, aggregated at a seemingly lower level. Cells transfected with constructs #9 ΔEGF17-26 and 10 ΔEGF26-30 showed considerably less surface staining than normal, although fixed and permeabilized cells reacted with the same antibody stained normally, indicating we had not simply deleted the epitopes recognized by the antisera. By comparing the percentage of transfected cells in either permeabilized or live cell populations, we found that roughly 50% of transfected cells for construct #9 ΔEGF17-26 and 10% for construct #10 ΔEGF26-30 produced detectable protein at the cell surface. Thus these two constructs produced proteins which often failed to reach the cell surface, perhaps because of misfolding, thereby reducing, but not abolishing, the ability of transfected cells to aggregate with Delta-expressing cells.

Having mapped the binding site to EGF repeats 9 through 17, we checked whether any Notch mutations whose molecular lesion has been determined mapped to this region. The only such mutation was split, a semidominant Notch allele that correlates with a point mutation in EGF repeat 14 (Hartley et al., 1987, EMBO J. 6, 3407-3417; Kelley et al., 1987, Mol. Cell. Biol. 6, 3094-3108). In fact, a genetic screen for second site modifiers of split revealed several alleles of Delta, suggesting a special relationship between the split allele of Notch, and Delta (Brand and Campus-Ortega, 1990, Roux's Arch. Dev. Biol. 198(5), 275-285). To test for possible effects of the split mutation on Notch-Delta mediated aggregation, an 11 kb fragment containing the missense mutation associated with split was cloned into the Notch expression construct (#15 split). However, aggregation with Delta-expressing cells was unaffected in this construct suggesting, as was confirmed by subsequent constructs, that EGF repeat 14 of Notch was not involved in the interactions with Delta modelled by our tissue culture assay.

Thus, to further map the Delta binding domain within EGF repeats 9-17, we used specific oligonucleotide primers and the PCR technique to generate several subfragments of this region. To be consistent with constructs #4-14 which produced proteins that were able to interact with Delta, we designed the primers to splice the EGF repeats just after the third cysteine, in the same place as the common ClaI site (FIG. 7). The resulting PCR products were ligated into the ClaI site of construct #3 ΔCla. Three overlapping constructs, #16, 17 and 18 were produced, only one of which, #16 ΔCla+EGF9-13, when transfected into S2 cells, allowed aggregation with Delta cells. Construct #19 ΔCla+EGF(10-13), which lacks EGF repeat 9, further defined EGF repeats 10-13 as the region necessary for Notch-Delta interactions.

Constructs #20-24 represented attempts to break this domain down even further using the same PCR strategy (see FIG. 7). We asked first whether both EGF repeats 11 and 12 were necessary, and second, whether the flanking sequences from EGF repeats 10 and 13 were directly involved in binding to Delta. Constructs #20 ΔCla+EGF(11-13), in which EGF repeat 12 is the only entire repeat added, and #21 ΔCla+EGF(10-12), in which EGF repeat 11 is the only entire repeat added, failed to mediate aggregation, suggesting that the presence of either EGF repeat 11 or 12 alone was not sufficient for Notch-Delta interactions. However, since the 3' ligation juncture of these constructs interrupted the overall structure of the EGF repeats, it was possible that a short "buffer" zone was needed to allow the crucial repeat to function normally. Thus for example in construct #19 ΔCla+EGF(10-13), EGF repeat 12 might not be directly involved in binding to Delta but instead might contribute the minimum amount of buffer sequence needed to protect the structure of EGF repeat 11, thereby allowing interactions with Delta. Constructs #22-24 addressed this issue. We designed PCR primers that broke at the end of the EGF repeat and therefore were less likely to disrupt the EGF disulfide formation at the 3' ligation juncture. Constructs #22ΔCla+EGF(10-11), which did not mediate aggregation, and #23ΔCla+EGF(10-12), which did, again suggested that both repeats 11 and 12 are required while the flanking sequence from repeat 13 clearly is not. Finally, construct #24 ΔCla+EGF(11-12), although now potentially structurally disrupted at the 5' junction, convincingly demonstrated that the sequences from EGF repeat 10 are not crucial. Thus based on entirely consistent data from 24 constructs, we propose that EGF repeats 11 and 12 of Notch together define the smallest functional unit obtainable from this analysis that contains the necessary sites for binding to Delta in transfected S2 cells.

7.2.2. EGF REPEATS 11 AND 12 OF NOTCH ARE SUFFICIENT FOR NOTCH-DELTA MEDIATED AGGREGATION

The large ClaI deletion into which PCR fragments were inserted (#3 ΔCla) retains roughly 1/3 of the original 36 EGF repeats as well as the three Notch/lin-12 repeats. While these are clearly not sufficient to promote aggregation, it is possible that they form a necessary framework within which specific EGF repeats can interact with Delta. To test whether only a few EGF repeats were in fact sufficient to promote aggregation, we designed two constructs, #25 ΔEGF which deleted all 36 EGF repeats except for the first two-thirds of repeat 1, and #30 ΔECN which deleted the entire extracellular portion of Notch except for the first third of EGF repeat 1 and ˜35 amino acids just before the transmembrane domain. Fragments which had mediated Notch-Delta aggregation in the background of construct #3ΔCla, when inserted into construct #25 ΔEGF, were again able to promote interactions with Delta (constructs #26-30). Analogous constructs (#31,32) in which the Notch/lin-12 repeats were also absent, again successfully mediated Notch-Delta aggregation. Thus EGF repeats 11 and 12 appear to function as independent modular units which are sufficient to mediate Notch-Delta interactions in S2 cells, even in the absence of most of the extracellular domain of Notch.

7.2.3. EGF REPEATS 11 AND 12 OF NOTCH MAINTAIN THE CALCIUM DEPENDENCE OF NOTCH-DELTA MEDIATED AGGREGATION

As described in Section 6, supra (Fehon et al., 1990, Cell 61, 523-534), we showed that Notch-Delta-mediated S2 cell aggregation is calcium dependent. We therefore examined the ability of cells expressing certain deletion constructs to aggregate with Delta expressing cells in the presence or absence of Ca⁺⁺ ions. We tested constructs #1 pMtNMg as a control, and #13, 16, 19, 23, 24, 26, 27 and 28, and found that cells mixed in Ca⁺⁺ containing medium at 4° C. readily formed aggregates while cells mixed in Ca⁺⁺ free medium containing EGTA failed to aggregate (Table III).

                  TABLE III                                                        ______________________________________                                         EFFECT OF EXOGENOUS Ca.sup.++  ON                                              NOTCH - DELTA AGGREGATION.sup.a                                                            Without Ca.sup.++  Ions                                                                   With Ca.sup.++  Ions                                    ______________________________________                                         1. pMtNMg     0            37                                                  13. ΔCla + EGF(9-17)                                                                   0            31                                                  16. ΔCla + EGF(9-13)                                                                   0            38                                                  19. ΔCla + EGF(10-13)                                                                  0            42                                                  23. ΔCla + EGF(10-12)                                                                  0            48                                                  29. ΔEGF + EGF(10-12)                                                                  0            44                                                  32. ΔECN + EGF(10-12)                                                                  0            39                                                  33. ΔCla + XEGF(10-13)                                                                 0            34                                                  ______________________________________                                          .sup.a Data presented as percentage of Notchexpressing cells found in          aggregates (as in FIG. 6).                                               

Clearly, the calcium dependence of the interaction has been preserved in even the smallest construct, consistent with the notion that the minimal constructs containing EGF repeats 11 and 12 bind to Delta in a manner similar to that of full length Notch. This result is also interesting in light of recent studies suggesting EGF-like repeats with a particular consensus sequence may act as Ca⁺⁺ binding domains (Morita et al., 1984, J. Biol. Chem. 259, 5698-5704; Sugo et al., 1984, J. Biol. Chem. 259, 5705-5710; Rees et al., 1988, EMBO J. 7, 2053-2061; Handford et al., 1990, EMBO J. 9, 475-480). Over half of the EGF repeats in Notch, including repeats 11 and 12, conform to this consensus, further strengthening the argument that EGF repeats 11 and 12 are responsible for promoting Notch-Delta interactions.

7.2.4. THE DELTA BINDING FUNCTION OF EGF REPEATS 11 AND 12 OF NOTCH IS CONSERVED IN THE XENOPUS HOMOLOG OF NOTCH

Having mapped the Delta binding site to EGF repeats 11 and 12 of Notch, we were interested in asking whether this function was conserved in the Notch homolog that has been identified in Xenopus (Coffman et al., 1990, Science 249, 1438-1441). This protein shows a striking similarity to Drosophila Notch in overall structure and organization. For example, within the EGF repeat region both the number and linear organization of the repeats has been preserved, suggesting a possible functional conservation as well. To test this, we made PCR primers based on the Xenopus Notch sequence (Coffman et al., 1990, Science 249, 1438-1441) and used these to obtain an ˜350 bp fragment from a Xenopus Stage 17 cDNA library that includes EGF repeats 11 and 12 flanked by half of repeats 10 and 13 on either side. This fragment was cloned into construct #3 ΔCla, and three independent clones were tested for ability to interact with Delta in the cell culture aggregation assay. Two of the clones, #33a&bΔCla+XEGF(10-13), when transfected into S2 cells were able to mediate Notch-Delta interactions at a level roughly equivalent to the analogous Drosophila Notch construct #19ΔCla+EGF(10-13), and again in a calcium dependent manner (Table III). However, the third clone #33cΔCla+XEGF(10-13) failed to mediate Notch-Delta interactions although the protein was expressed normally at the cell surface as judged by staining live unpermeabilized cells. Sequence comparison of the Xenopus PCR product in constructs #33a and 33c revealed a missense mutation resulting in a leucine to proline change (amino acid #453, Coffman, et al., 1990, Science 249, 1438-1441) in EGF repeat 11 of construct #33c. Although this residue is not conserved between Drosophila and Xenopus Notch (FIG. 8), the introduction of a proline residue might easily disrupt the structure of the EGF repeat, and thus prevent it from interacting properly with Delta.

Comparison of the amino acid sequence of EGF repeats 11 and 12 of Drosophila and Xenopus Notch reveals a high degree of amino acid identity, including the calcium binding consensus sequence (FIG. 8, SEQ ID NO:1 and NO:2). However the level of homology is not strikingly different from that shared between most of the other EGF repeats, which overall exhibit about 50% identity at the amino acid level. This one to one correspondence between individual EGF repeats suggests that perhaps they too may comprise conserved functional units.

7.3. DISCUSSION

We have continued our study of interactions between the protein products of the genes Notch and Delta, using the in vitro S2 cell aggregation assay described in Section 6, supra. Based on an extensive deletion analysis of the extracellular domain of Notch, we show that the regions of Notch containing EGF-homologous repeats 11 and 12 are both necessary and sufficient for Notch-Delta-mediated aggregation, and that this Delta binding capability has been conserved in the same two EGF repeats of Xenopus Notch. Our finding that the binding site mediating Notch-Delta aggregation mapped to EGF repeats 11 and 12 of Notch demonstrates that the EGF repeats of Notch also function as specific protein binding domains.

Recent studies have demonstrated that EGF domains containing a specific consensus sequence can bind Ca⁺⁺ ions (Morita et al., 1984, J. Biol. Chem. 259, 5698-5704; Sugo et al., 1984, J. Biol. Chem. 259, 5705-5710; Rees et al., 1988, EMBO J. 7, 2053-2061; Handford et al., 1990, EMBO J. 9, 475-480). In fact, about one half of the EGF repeats in Notch, including repeats 11 and 12, conform to this consensus. We have shown that exogenous Ca⁺⁺ was necessary for Notch-Delta mediated aggregation of transfected S2 cells (see Section 6; Fehon et al., 1990, Cell 61, 523-534). We tested a subset of our deletion constructs and found that EGF repeats 11 and 12 alone (#32ΔECN+EGF(11-12)) were sufficient to maintain the Ca⁺⁺ dependence of Notch-Delta interactions.

A number of studies have suggested that the genetic interactions between Notch and Delta may reflect a dose sensitive interaction between their protein products. Genetic studies have indicated that the relative gene dosages of Notch and Delta are crucial for normal development. For example, Xu et al. (1990, Genes Dev. 4, 464-475) found that null mutations at Delta could suppress lethal interactions between heterozygous combinations of Abruptex (Ax) alleles, a class of Notch mutations that correlate with missense mutations within the EGF repeats (Hartley et al., 1987, EMBO J. 6, 3407-3417; Kelley et al., 1987, Mol. Cell Biol. 6, 3094-3108). The in vitro interactions we have described in which we observe both Notch-Delta and Delta-Delta associations (see Section 6) imply that a competitive interaction between Notch and Delta for binding to Delta may reflect the underlying basis for the observed genetic interactions. Furthermore, we were able to coimmunoprecipitate Notch and Delta from both tissue culture and embryonic cell extracts (see Section 6), indicating a possible in vivo association of the two proteins. In addition, mRNA in situ analyses of Notch and Delta expression patterns in the embryo suggest that expression of the two is overlapping but not identical (Kopczynski and Muskavitch, 1989, Development 107, 623-636; Hartley et al., 1987, EMBO J. 6, 3407-3417). Detailed antibody analysis of Notch protein expression during development have recently revealed Notch expression to be more restricted at the tissue and subcellular levels than previous studies had indicated (Johansen et al., 1989, J. Cell Biol. 109, 2427-2440; Kidd et al., 1989, Genes Dev. 3, 1113-1129).

Our finding that the same two EGF repeats from the Xenopus Notch homolog are also able to mediate interactions with Delta in tissue culture cells argues strongly that a similar function will have been conserved in vivo. Although these two EGF repeats are sufficient in vitro, it is of course possible that in vivo more of the Notch molecule may be necessary to facilitate Notch-Delta interactions. In fact, we were somewhat surprised for two reasons to find that the Delta binding site did not map to EGF repeats where several of the Ax mutations have been shown to fall, first, because of the genetic screen (Xu et al., 1990, Genes Dev. 4, 464-475) demonstrating interactions between Ax alleles and Delta mutations, and second, because of sequence analyses that have shown certain Ax alleles are associated with single amino acid changes within the putative Ca⁺⁺ binding consensus of the EGF repeats. For example, the AX^(E2) mutation changes EGF repeat 29 toward the Ca⁺⁺ binding consensus sequence while the AX^(9B2) mutation moves EGF repeat 24 away from the consensus. It is possible that in vivo these regions of the Notch protein may be involved in interactions, either with Delta and/or other proteins, that may not be accurately modelled by our cell culture assay.

Our in vitro mapping of the Delta binding domain to EGF repeats 11 and 12 of Notch represents the first assignment of function to a structural domain of Notch. In fact, the various deletion constructs suggest that these two EGF repeats function as a modular unit, independent of the immediate context into which they are placed. Thus, neither the remaining 34 EGF repeats nor the three Notch/lin-12 repeats appear necessary to establish a structural framework required for EGF repeats 11 and 12 to function. Interestingly, almost the opposite effect was observed: although our aggregation assay does not measure the strength of the interaction, as we narrowed down the binding site to smaller and smaller fragments, we observed an increase in the ability of the transfected cells to aggregate with Delta expressing cells, suggesting that the normal flanking EGF sequences actually impede association between the proteins. For two separate series of constructs, either in the background of construct #3 ΔCla (compare #9, 16, 19, 23) or in the background of construct #25ΔEGF (compare #26, 27, 28), we observed an increase in ability to aggregate such that the smallest constructs (#19, 23, 28, 29) consistently aggregated above wild type levels (#1 pMtNMg). These results imply that the surrounding EGF repeats may serve to limit the ability of EGF repeats 11 and 12 to access Delta, thereby perhaps modulating Notch-Delta interactions in vivo.

Notch encodes a structurally complex transmembrane protein that has been proposed to play a pleiotropic role throughout Drosophila development. The fact that EGF repeats 11 and 12 appear to function as an independent modular unit that is sufficient, at least in cell culture, for interactions with Delta, immediately presents the question of the role of the remaining 34 EGF repeats. One appealing hypothesis is that these may also form modular binding domains for other proteins interacting with Notch at various times during development.

In addition to Xenopus Notch, lin-12 and glp-1, two genes thought to function in cell-cell interactions involved in the specification of certain cell fates during C. elegans development, encode EGF homologous transmembrane proteins which are structurally quite similar to Drosophila and Xenopus Notch. All four proteins contain EGF homologous repeats followed by three other cysteine rich repeats (Notch/lin-12 repeats) in the extracellular domain, a single transmembrane domain, and six cdc10/ankyrin repeats in the intracellular region. Unlike Xenopus Notch, which, based on both sequence comparison as well as the results of our Delta binding assay, seems likely to encode the direct functional counterpart of Drosophila Notch, lin-12 and glp-1 probably encode distinct members of the same gene family. Comparison of the predicted protein products of lin-12 and glp-1 with Notch reveal specific differences despite an overall similar organization of structural motifs. The most obvious difference is that lin-12 and glp-1 proteins contain only 13 and 10 EGF repeats, respectively, as compared to the 36 for both Xenopus and Drosophila Notch. In addition, in the nematode genes the array of EGF repeats is interrupted after the first EGF repeat by a distinct stretch of sequence absent from Notch. Furthermore, with respect to the Delta binding domain we have defined as EGF repeats 11 and 12 of Notch, there are no two contiguous EGF repeats in the lin-12 or glp-1 proteins exhibiting the Ca⁺⁺ binding consensus sequence, nor any two contiguous repeats exhibiting striking similarity to EGF repeats 11 and 12 of Notch, again suggesting that the lin-12 and glp-1 gene products are probably functionally distinct from Notch.

Our finding that EGF repeats 11 and 12 of Notch form a discrete Delta binding unit represents the first concrete evidence supporting the idea that each EGF repeat or small subset of repeats may play a unique role during development, possibly through direct interactions with other proteins. The homologies seen between the adhesive domain of Delta and Serrate (see Section 8.3.4, infra) suggest that the homologous portion of Serrate is "adhesive" in that it mediates binding to other toporythmic proteins. In addition, the gene scabrous, which encodes a secreted protein with similarity to fibrinogen, may interact with Notch.

In addition to the EGF repeat, multiple copies of other structural motifs commonly occur in a variety of proteins. One relevant example is the cdc10/ankyrin motif, six copies of which are found in the intracellular domain of Notch. Ankyrin contains 22 of these repeats. Perhaps repeated arrays of structural motifs may in general represent a linear assembly of a series of modular protein binding units. Given these results together with the known structural, genetic and developmental complexity of Notch, Notch may interact with a number of different ligands in a precisely regulated temporal and spacial pattern throughout development. Such context specific interactions with extracellular proteins could be mediated by the EGF and Notch/lin-12 repeats, while interactions with cytoskeletal and cytoplasmic proteins could be mediated by the intracellular cdc10/ankyrin motifs.

8. THE AMINO-TERMINUS OF DELTA IS AN EGF-BINDING DOMAIN THAT INTERACTS WITH NOTCH AND DELTA

Aggregation of cultured cells programmed to express wild type and variant Delta proteins has been employed to delineate Delta sequences required for heterotypic interaction with Notch and homotypic Delta interaction. We find that amino-terminal sequences within the Delta extracellular domain that are unrelated to epidermal growth factor (EGF) are necessary and sufficient for interaction between Delta and Notch. The same Delta sequences are necessary for homotypic Delta interaction. Analysis of mutations within this domain indicate that Delta sequences required for heterotypic and homotypic interaction are coextensive. Our data, in combination with those derived from an analysis of Notch sequences required for heterotypic interaction with Delta, reveal that the amino-terminus of Delta is an EGF-binding domain necessary and sufficient for interaction with Notch. This domain may mediate homotypic Delta interaction by binding to EGF-like sequences within the Delta extracellular domain.

8.1. MATERIALS AND METHODS 8.1.1. CELL LINES

The S2 Drosophila cell line (Schneider, 1972, J. Embryol. Exp. Morph. 27, 353-365)) used in these experiments was grown as described in Section 6.

8.1.2. IMMUNOLOGICAL PROBES

Immunohistochemistry was performed as described in Section 6, supra, or sometimes with minor modifications of this procedure. Antisera and antibodies employed included mouse polyclonal anti-Delta sera raised against a Delta ELR array segment that extends from the fourth through ninth ELRs (see Section 6); rat polyclonal anti-Delta sera raised against the same Delta segment (see Section 6); rat polyclonal anti-Notch sera raised against a Notch ELR array segment that extends from the fifth through thirteenth ELRs; mouse monoclonal antibody C17.9C6 (see Section 6), which recognizes the Notch intracellular domain; and mouse monoclonal antibody BP-104 (Hortsch et al., 1990, Neuron 4, 697-709), which recognizes the long form of Drosophila neuroglian.

8.1.3. EXPRESSION VECTOR CONSTRUCTS

Constructs employed to program expression of wild type Delta (pMTDl1) and wild type Notch (pMTNMg) are described in Section 6, supra. Constructs that direct expression of variant Delta proteins were generated using pMTDl1, the Dl1 cDNA cloned into Bluescript+ (pBSDll; Kopczynski et al., 1988, Genes Dev. 2, 1723-1735), and pRmHa3-104 (A. J. Bieber, pers. comm.), which consists of the insertion of the lB7A-250 cDNA into the metallothionein promoter vector pRmHa-3 (Bunch et al., 1988, Nucl. Acids Res. 16, 1043-1061) and supports inducible expression of the long form of Drosophila neuroglian (Hortsch et al., 1990, Neuron 4, 697-709).

Briefly, constructs were made as follows:

Del(Sca-Nae)--Cut pBSDl1 with SalI (complete digest) and ScaI (partial), isolate vector-containing fragment. Cut pBSDl1 with NaeI (partial) and SalI (complete), isolate Delta carboxyl-terminal coding fragment. Ligate fragments, transform, and isolate clones. Transfer EcoRI insert into pRmHa-3.

Del(Bam-Bgl)--Cut pBSDl1 with BglII (complete) and BamHI (partial), fill ends with Klenow DNA polymerase, ligate, transform, and isolate clones. Transfer EcoRI insert into pRmHa-3.

Del(ELR1-ELR3)--PCR-amplify basepairs 236-830 of the Dl1 cDNA using 5-ACTTCAGCAACGATCACGGG-3' (SEQ ID NO:26) and 5'-TTGGGTATGTGACAGTAATCG-3' (SEQ ID NO:27), treat with T4 DNA polymerase, ligate into pBSDl1 cut with ScaI (partial) and BglII (complete) and end-filled with Klenow DNA polymerase, transform, and isolate clones. Transfer BamHI-SalI Delta carboxyl-terminal coding fragment into pRmHa-3.

Del(Bgl-Pst)--Cut pBSDl1 with BglII (complete) and PstI (partial), isolate vector-containing fragment, ligate with 100×molar excess of 5'-GATCTGCA, transform, and isolate clones. Transfer EcoRI insert into pRmHa-3.

Ter(Dde)--Cut pBSDl1 with DdeI (partial), end-fill with Klenow DNA polymerase, ligate with 100×molar excess of 5'-TTAAGTTAACTTAA-3' (SEQ ID NO:28), transform, and isolate clones. Transfer EcoRI insert into pRmHa-3.

Ins(Nae)A--Cut pMTDl1 with NaeI (partial), isolate vector-containing fragment, ligate with 100×molar excess of 5'-GGAAGATCTTCC-3' (SEQ ID NO:29), transform, and isolate clones.

Ins(Stu)--Cut pMTDl1 with StuI (complete), isolate vector-containing fragment, ligate with 100×molar excess of 5'-GGAAGATCTTCC-3' (SEQ ID NO:29), transform and isolate clones.

NG1--Cut pRmHa3-104 with BglII (complete) and EcoRI (complete), isolate vector-containing fragment. Cut Ins(Nae)A with EcoRI (complete) and BglII (complete), isolate Delta amino-terminal coding fragment. Ligate fragments, transform and isolate clones.

NG2--Cut pRmHa3-104 with BglII (complete) and EcoRI (complete), isolate vector-containing fragment. Cut Del(ELR1-ELR3) with EcoRI (complete) and BglII (complete), isolate Delta amino-terminal coding fragment. Ligate fragments, transform and isolate clones.

NG3--Cut pRmHa3-104 with BglII (complete) and EcoRI (complete), isolate vector-containing fragment. Cut pMTDl1 with EcoRI (complete) and BglII (complete), isolate Delta amino-terminal coding fragment. Ligate fragments, transform and isolate clones.

NG4--Cut pRmHa3-104 with BglII (complete) and EcoRI (complete), isolate vector containing fragment. Cut Del(Sca-Nae) with EcoRI (complete) and BglII (complete), isolate Delta amino-terminal coding fragment. Ligate fragments, transform and isolate clones.

NG5--Generate Del(Sca-Stu) as follows: cut pMTDl1 with ScaI (complete) and StuI (complete), isolate ScaI-ScaI amino-terminal coding fragment and StuI-ScaI carboxyl-terminal coding fragment, ligate, transform and isolate clones. Cut Del(Sca-Stu) with EcoRI (complete) and BglII (complete), isolate Delta amino terminal coding fragment. Cut pRmHa3-104 with BglII (complete) and EcoRI (complete), isolate vector-containing fragment. Ligate fragments, transform and isolate clones.

The sequence contents of the various Delta variants are shown in Table IV. Schematic diagrams of the Delta variants defined in Table IV are shown in FIG. 9.

                  TABLE IV                                                         ______________________________________                                         SEQUENCE CONTENTS OF                                                           DELTA VARIANTS EMPLOYED IN THIS STUDY                                                  Nucleotides     Amino Acids                                            ______________________________________                                         Wild type 1-2892.sup.A      1-833                                              Del(Sca-Nae)                                                                             1-235/734-2892    1-31/199-833                                       Del(Bam-Bgl)                                                                             1-713/1134-2892   1-191/332-833                                      Del(ELR1-ELR3)                                                                           1-830/1134-2892   1-230/332-833                                      Del(Bgl-pst)                                                                             1-1137/1405-2892  1-332/422-833                                      Del(Bgl-Bst)                                                                             1-1137/1855-2892  1-332/572-833                                      Ter(Dde)  1-2021/TTAAGTTAACTTAA.sup.E /                                                                    1-626/H                                                      2227-2892                                                            Ins(Nae)A 1-733/(GGAAGATCTTCC).sub.n.sup.F /                                                               1-197/(RKIF).sub.n /                                         734-2892.sup.B    198-833                                            Ins(Stu)  1-535/(GGAAGATCTTCC).sub.n.sup.F /                                                               1-131/G(KIFR).sub.n-1                                        536-2892.sup.B    KIFP/133-833                                       NG1       1-733/GGAA/2889-3955(NG).sup.C                                                                   1-198/K/952-                                                                   1302.sup.D                                         NG2       1-830/2889-3955(NG)                                                                              1-230/952-                                                                     1302                                               NG3       1-1133/2889-3955(NG)                                                                             1-331/952-                                                                     1302                                               NG4       1-235/734-1133/2889-3955(NG)                                                                     1-31/199-331/                                                                  952-1302                                           NG5       1-235/536-1133/2889-3955(NG)                                                                     1-31/S/133-                                                                    952-1302                                           ______________________________________                                          .sup.A Coordinates for Delta sequences correspond to the sequence of the       D11 cDNA (FIG. 12).                                                            .sup.B The exact number of linkers inserted has not been determined for        this construct.                                                                .sup.C Coordinates for neuroglian (Bieber et al., 1989, Cell 59, 447-460;      Hortsch et al., 1990, Neuron 4, 697-709) nucleotide sequences present in       Deltaneuroglian chimeras coorespond to the sequence of the 1B7A250 cDNA        (FIG. 13, SEQ ID NO:5) and are indicated in bold face type.                    .sup.D Neuroglian amino acid sequences are derived from conceptual             translation of the 1B7A250 cDNA nucleotide sequence (FIG. 13, SEQ ID NO:5      and are indicated in bold face type.                                           .sup.E SEQ ID NO:28                                                            .sup.F SEQ ID NO:29                                                      

8.1.4. AGGREGATION PROTOCOLS

Cell transfection and aggregation were performed as described in Section 6, supra, or with minor modifications thereof.

8.2. RESULTS 8.2.1. AMINO-TERMINAL SEQUENCES WITHIN THE DELTA EXTRACELLULAR DOMAIN ARE NECESSARY AND SUFFICIENT FOR THE HETEROTYPIC INTERACTION WITH NOTCH

The results of the heterotypic aggregation experiments mediated by Delta variants and wild-type Notch are shown in Table V.

                                      TABLE V                                      __________________________________________________________________________     HETEROTYPIC AGGREGATION MEDIATED BY                                            DELTA VARIANTS AND WILD TYPE NOTCH                                                     Aggregated                                                                           Unaggregated                                                                              Aggregated                                                                             Unaggregated                                  Construct                                                                              Total.sup.A                                                                          Total  Expt. #                                                                            Notch.sup.+                                                                        Delta.sup.+B                                                                       Notch.sup.+                                                                        Delta.sup.+                               __________________________________________________________________________     Wild type                                                                              33 (H).sup.C                                                                         179    1   15  18   67 112                                               58 (H)                                                                               247    2   37  21  218 29                                                38 (H)                                                                               209    3   21  17  148 61                                                29 (H)                                                                               174    4   18  11   95 79                                                175                                                                               (B)                                                                                68    5   84  91   37 31                                        Del(Sca-Nae)                                                                           0  (H)                                                                               207    1    0   0  125 82                                                0  (H)                                                                               226    2    0   0  215 11                                                0  (H)                                                                               287    3    0   0  215 72                                                0  (H)                                                                               200    4   ND.sup.D                                                                           ND  ND  ND                                        Del(Bam-Bgl)                                                                           4  (H)                                                                               245    1    3   1  171 74                                                0  (H)                                                                               200    2    0   0  110 90                                                0  (H)                                                                               200    3   ND  ND  ND  ND                                        Del(ELR1-ELR3)                                                                         28 (B)                                                                               296    1   11  17  139 157                                               20 (B)                                                                                90    2    9  11   53 37                                                22 (B)                                                                               227    3   19  13  114 113                                               127                                                                               (B)                                                                                97    4   19  78   66 61                                        Del(Bgl-Pst)                                                                           38 (H)                                                                               188    1   26  12  141 47                                                36 (H)                                                                               204    2   20  16   90 114                                       Ter(Dde)                                                                               53 (H)                                                                               236    1   24  29  144 92                                                51 (H)                                                                               214    2   30  21  126 88                                                52 (H)                                                                               190    3   30  22  110 80                                        Ins(Nae)A                                                                              0  (B)                                                                               205    1    0   0  111 94                                                0  (B)                                                                               254    2    0   0  161 93                                                0  (B)                                                                               201    3    0   0  121 80                                        NG1     0  (B)                                                                               208    1    0   0  140 68                                                0  (B)                                                                               114    2    0   0   38 76                                                0  (B)                                                                               218    3    0   0   76 142                                       NG2     14 (B)                                                                               106    1    7   7   54 52                                                50 (B)                                                                               216    2   35  15   94 122                                               36 (B)                                                                               168    3   12  24   29 139                                       NG3     71 (B)                                                                               175    1   43  28   84 91                                        NG4     0  (B)                                                                               254    1    0   0  150 104                                               0  (B)                                                                               215    2    0   0   35 180                                               0  (B)                                                                               200    3    0   0   93 107                                       __________________________________________________________________________      .sup.A Total number of expressing cells in aggregates that contain four o      more cells.                                                                    .sup.B Cells that express neuroglianbased constructs (NGn) were detected       using a monoclonal antibody that recognizes the intracellular domain of        neuroglian (see Materials and Methods).                                        .sup.C (H) indicates that cells were aggregated in a 25 ml Erlenmeyer          flask, (B) indicates that cells were aggregated in a 12well microtiter         plate (see Materials and Methods).                                             .sup.D Data for individual cell types (i.e., Delta.sup.+  and Notch.sup.+      in aggregates and unaggregated were not recorded.                        

Delta amino acids (AA) 1-230 is the current minimum sequence interval defined as being sufficient for interaction with Notch. This is based on the success of NG2-Notch aggregation. Within this interval, Delta AA198-230 are critical because their deletion in the NG1 construct inactivated the Notch-binding activity observed for the NG2 construct. Also within this interval, Delta AA32-198 are critical because their deletion in the NG4 construct also inactivated the Notch-binding activity observed for the NG3 construct. The importance of Delta AA192-230 is also supported by the observation that the Del(ELR1-ELR3) variant, which contains all Delta amino acids except AA231-331, possessed Notch-binding activity, while the Del(Bam-Bgl) variant, which contains all Delta amino acids except AA192-331, was apparently inactivated for Notch-binding activity.

Conformation and/or primary sequence in the vicinity of Delta AA197/198 is apparently critical because a multimeric insertion of the tetrapeptide--Arg-Lys-Ile-Phe [in one letter code (see e.g. Lehninger et al., 1975, Biochemistry, 2d ed., p. 72), RKIF] (SEQ ID NO:30)--between these two residues, as in the Ins(Nae)A construct, inactivated the Notch-binding activity observed with wild type Delta.

In addition, the observation that the Del(ELR1-ELR3) construct supported aggregation implies that ELR1-ELR3 are not required for Delta-Notch interaction; the observation that the Del(Bgl-Pst) construct supported aggregation implies that ELR4 and ELR5 are not required for Delta-Notch interaction, and the observation that the Ter(Dde) construct supported aggregation implies that the Delta intracellular domain is not required for Delta-Notch interaction.

8.2.2. AMINO-TERMINAL SEQUENCES WITHIN THE DELTA EXTRACELLULAR DOMAIN ARE NECESSARY FOR HOMOTYPIC INTERACTION

The results of the homotypic aggregation experiments mediated by Delta variants is shown in Table VI.

                  TABLE VI                                                         ______________________________________                                         HOMOTYPIC AGGREGATION MEDIATED BY DELTA VARIANTS                               Construct    Aggregated Unaggregated                                                                              Expt. #                                     ______________________________________                                         Wild type    38     (H).sup.A                                                                             175         1                                                    48     (H)    171         2                                                    13     (H)    95          3                                                    33     (H)    173         4                                                    134    (B)    72          5                                       Del(Sca-Nae) 0      (H)    200         1                                                    0      (H)    200         2                                                    0      (H)    200         3                                       Del(Bam-Bgl) 0      (H)    200         1                                                    0      (H)    200         2                                                    0      (H)    200         3                                       Del(ELR1-ELR3)                                                                              160    (B)    62          1                                                    55     (B)    80          2                                                    0      (B)    200         3                                                    4      (B)    203         4                                                    41     (B)    234         5                                                    4      (B)    366          6.sup.B                                             23     (B)    325   (1:20)                                                     0      (B)    400          7.sup.B                                             5      (B)    347   (1:5)                                                      10     (B)    228   (1:20)                                                     0      (B)    400          8.sup.B                                             16     (B)    346   (1:5)                                                      4      (B)    268   (1:20)                                                     4      (B)    500          9.sup.C                                             18     (B)    500   (1:5)                                                      12     (B)    271   (1:20)                                                     7      (B)    128   (1:50)                                                     0      (B)    500         10.sup.C                                             0      (B)    500   (1:5)                                                      0      (B)    500   (1:20)                                                     21     (B)    246   (1:50)                                                     0      (B)    500         11.sup.C                                             5      (B)    500   (1:5)                                                      8      (B)    177   (1:20)                                                     4      (B)    69    (1:50)                                        Del(Bgl-Pst) 21     (H)    175         1                                                    29     (H)    243         2                                                    35     (H)    179         3                                       Ter(Dde)     53     (H)    164         1                                                    33     (H)    178         2                                                    36     (H)    203         3                                       Ins(Nae)A    0      (B)    200         1                                                    0      (B)    200         2                                                    0      (B)    200         3                                       ______________________________________                                          .sup.A (H) indicates that cells were aggregated in a 25 ml Erlenmeyer          flask; (B) indicates that cells were aggregated in a 12well microtiter         plate (see Materials and Methods).                                             .sup.B Transfected cells were incubated under aggregation conditions           overnight, then diluted into the appropriate volume of logphase S2 cells       in the presence of inducer and incubated under aggregation conditions for      an additional four to six hours.                                               .sup.C Transfected cells to which inducer had been added were diluted int      the appropriate volume of logphase S2 cells to which inducer had been          added, and the cell mixture was incubated under aggregation conditions         overnight.                                                               

Deletion of Delta AA32-198 [Del(Sca-Nae)] or Delta AA192-331 [Del(Bam-Bgl)] from the full-length Delta protein eliminated the Delta-Delta interaction. Deletion of Delta AA231-331 [Del(ELR1-ELR3)] did not eliminate the Delta-Delta interaction. Therefore, sequences within the Delta AA32-230 are required for the Delta-Delta interaction.

Conformation and/or primary sequence in the vicinity of Delta AA197/198 is apparently critical for the Delta-Delta interaction because a multimeric insertion of the tetrapeptide -Arg-Lys-Ile-Phe- (SEQ ID NO:30) between these two residues, as in the Ins(Nae)A construct, inactivated Delta-Delta interaction.

In addition, the observation that the Del(ELR1-ELR3) construct could support aggregation implies that ELR1-ELR3 are not required for Delta-Delta interaction; the observation that the Del(Bgl-Pst) construct supported aggregation implies that ELR4 and ELR5 are not required for Delta-Delta interaction, and the observation that the Ter(Dde) construct supported aggregation implies that the Delta intracellular domain is not required for Delta-Delta interaction.

8.3. DISCUSSION 8.3.1. AMINO-TERMINAL SEQUENCES UNRELATED TO EGF ARE INVOLVED IN THE INTERACTION BETWEEN DELTA AND NOTCH

We have employed cell aggregation assays to define a region within the amino-proximal region of the Delta extracellular domain that is necessary and sufficient to mediate the Delta-Notch interaction. Functional analyses of a combination of deletion and sufficiency constructs revealed that this region extends, maximally, from AA1 through AA230. It is striking that this region does not include any of the EGF-like sequences that reside within the Delta extracellular domain. It is probable that the particular Delta sequences within the sufficient interval required for interaction with Notch include AA198-230 because deletion of these residues eliminates Notch-binding activity. The fact that deletion of AA32-198 also inactivates Notch-binding activity suggests that sequences amino-proximal to AA198 are also required, although the deleterious impact of this deletion could result from the removal of additional amino acids in the immediate vicinity of AA198.

Sequences within Delta sufficient for interaction with Notch can be grouped into three subdomains--N1, N2, and N3--that differ in their respective contents of cysteine residues (FIG. 10, SEQ ID NO:3). The N1 and N3 domains each contain six cysteine residues, while the N2 domain contains none. The even number of cysteines present in N1 and N3, respectively, allows for the possibility that the respective structures of these subdomains are dictated, in part, by the formation of particular disulfide bonds. The broad organizational pattern of the Delta amino-terminus is also generally analogous to that of the extracellular domain of the vertebrate EGF receptor (Lax et al., 1988, Mol. Cell. Biol. 8, 1970-1978), in which sequences believed to interact with EGF are bounded by two cysteine-rich subdomains.

8.3.2. DELTA SEQUENCES REQUIRED FOR HOMOTYPIC AND HETEROTYPIC INTERACTIONS APPEAR TO BE COINCIDENT

Our results also indicate that sequences essential for homotypic Delta interaction reside within the interval AA32-230. Deletion of sequences or insertion of additional amino acids within this amino-proximal domain eliminate the ability of such Delta variants to singly promote cell aggregation. Thus, sequences required for Delta-Delta interaction map within the same domain of the protein as those required for Delta-Notch interaction.

8.3.3. THE DELTA AMINO TERMINUS CONSTITUTES AN EGF-BINDING MOTIF

The work described in examples supra has revealed that Notch sequences required for Delta-Notch interaction in the cell aggregation assay map within the EGF-like repeat array of the Notch extracellular domain. This finding implies that Delta and Notch interact by virtue of the binding of the Delta amino-terminus to EGF-like sequences within Notch and, therefore, that the amino-terminus of the Delta extracellular domain constitutes an EGF-binding domain (FIG. 11).

These results also raise the possibility that homotypic Delta interaction involves the binding of the Delta amino-terminus to EGF-like sequences within the Delta extracellular domain (FIG. 12). However, none of the EGF-like repeats within the Delta extracellular domain are identical to any of the EGF-like repeats within the Notch extracellular domain (FIG. 13, SEQ ID NO:6; Wharton et al., 1985, Cell 43, 567-581). Given this fact, if Delta homotypic interactions are indeed mediated by interaction between the Delta amino-terminus and Delta EGF-like repeats, then the Delta EGF-binding domain has the capacity to interact with at least two distinct EGF-like sequences.

8.3.4. DELTA SEQUENCES INVOLVED IN THE DELTA-NOTCH INTERACTION ARE CONSERVED IN THE SERRATE PROTEIN

Alignment of amino acid sequences from the amino termini of the Delta (FIG. 13, SEQ ID NO:6, and FIG. 15, SEQ ID NO:9) and Serrate (Fleming et al., 1990, Genes & Dev. 4, 2188-2201; Thomas et al., 1991, Devel. 111, 749-761) reveals a striking conservation of structural character and sequence composition. The general N1-N2-N3 subdomain structure of the Delta amino terminus is also observed within the Serrate amino terminus, as is the specific occurrence of six cysteine residues within the Delta N1- and Delta N3-homologous domains of the Serrate protein. Two notable blocks of conservation correspond to Delta AA63-73 (8/11 residues identical) and Delta AA195-206 (10/11 residues identical). The latter block is of particular interest because insertion of additional amino acids in this interval can eliminate the ability of Delta to bind to Notch or Delta.

8.3.5. CIS AND TRANS INTERACTIONS BETWEEN DELTA AND NOTCH MAY INVOLVE DIFFERENT SEQUENCES WITHIN NOTCH

Inspection of the overall structures of Delta and Notch suggests that Delta-Notch interaction could involve contacts between the Delta EGF-binding domain with either of two regions within Notch, depending on whether the interaction were between molecules that reside on opposing membranes or within the same membrane (FIG. 11). The cell aggregation assays, which presumably detect the interaction of molecules in opposing membranes, imply that the Delta EGF-binding domain interacts with Notch EGF-like repeats 11 and 12 (see examples supra). If tandem arrays of EGF-like motifs do form rod-like structures (Engel, 1989, FEBS Lett. 251, 1-7) within the Delta and Notch proteins, then the estimated displacement of the Delta EGF-binding domain from the cell surface would presumably be sufficient to accommodate the rigid array of Notch EGF-like repeats 1-10. It is also intriguing to note that the displacement of the Delta EGF-binding domain from the cell surface could place this domain in the vicinity of the Notch EGF-like repeats (25-29) that are affected by Abruptex mutations (Hartley et al., 1987, EMBO J. 6, 3407-3417; Kelley et al., 1987, Mol. Cell. Biol. 6, 3094-3108) and could allow for interaction of Delta and Notch proteins present within the same membrane.

8.3.6. PROSPECTS FOR INTERACTIONS ANALOGOUS TO THE DELTA-NOTCH INTERACTION IN VERTEBRATES

Given the interaction between Delta and Notch in Drosophila, it is quite probable that a Delta homologue (Helta?) exists in vertebrates and that the qualitative and molecular aspects of the Delta-Notch and Delta-Delta interactions that we have defined in Drosophila will be highly conserved in vertebrates, including humans. Such homologues can be cloned and sequenced as described supra, Section 5.2.

9. THE CLONING, SEQUENCING, AND EXPRESSION OF HUMAN NOTCH

Clones for the human Notch sequence were originally obtained using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify DNA from a 17-18 week human fetal brain cDNA library in the Lambda Zap II vector (Stratagene). Degenerate primers to be used in this reaction were designed by comparing the amino acid sequences of the Xenopus homolog of Notch with Drosophila Notch. Three primers (cdc1 (SEQ ID NO:10), cdc2 (SEQ ID NO:11), and cdc3 (SEQ ID NO:12); FIG. 16) were designed to amplify either a 200 bp or a 400 bp fragment as primer pairs cdc1/cdc2 or cdc1/cdc3, respectively.

The 400 bp fragment obtained in this manner was then used as a probe with which to screen the same library for human Notch clones. The original screen yielded three unique clones, hN3k, hN2K, and hN5k, all of which were shown by subsequent sequence analysis to fall in the 3' end of human Notch (FIG. 17). A second screen using the 5' end of hN3k as probe was undertaken to search for clones encompassing the 5' end of human Notch. One unique clone, hN4k, was obtained from this screen, and preliminary sequencing data indicate that it contains most of the 5' end of the gene (FIG. 17). Together, clones hN4k, hN3k and hN5k encompass about 10 kb of the human Notch homolog, beginning early in the EGF-repeats and extending into the 3' untranslated region of the gene. All three clones are cDNA inserts in the EcoRI site of pBluescript SK⁺ (Stratagene). The host E. coli strain is XL1-Blue (see Maniatis, T., 1990, Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, 2d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., p. A12).

The sequence of various portions of Notch contained in the cDNA clones was determined (by use of Sequenase®, U.S. Biochemical Corp.) and is shown in FIGS. 19-22 (SEQ ID NO:13 through NO:25).

Expression constructs were made using the clones discussed above. In the cases of hN3k and hN2k, the entire clone was excised from its vector as an EcoRI restriction fragment and subcloned into the EcoRI restriction site of each of the three pGEX vectors (Glutathione S-Transferase expression vectors; Smith and Johnson, 1988, Gene 7, 31-40). This allows for the expression of the Notch protein product from the subclone in the correct reading frame. In the case of hN5k, the clone contains two internal EcoRI restriction sites, producing 2.6, 1.5 and 0.6 kb fragments. Both the 2.6 and the 1.5 kb fragments have also been subcloned into each of the pGEX vectors.

10. DEPOSIT OF MICROORGANISMS

The following recombinant bacteria, each carrying a plasmid encoding a portion of human Notch, were deposited on May 2, 1991 with the American Type Culture Collection, 1201 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Md. 20852, under the provisions of the Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedures.

    ______________________________________                                         Bacteria  carrying  Plasmid ATCC Accession No.                                 ______________________________________                                         E. Coli XL1-Blue    hN4k    68610                                              E. Coli XL1-Blue    hN3k    68609                                              E. Coli XL1-Blue    hN5k    68611                                              ______________________________________                                    

The present invention is not to be limited in scope by the microorganisms deposited or the specific embodiments described herein. Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition to those described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description and accompanying figures. Such modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.

Various publications are cited herein, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties.

    __________________________________________________________________________     SEQUENCE LISTING                                                               (1) GENERAL INFORMATION:                                                       (iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 34                                                  (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:1:                                               (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 77 amino acids                                                     (B) TYPE: amino acid                                                           (C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: unknown                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                                    (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:1:                                        GluAspIleAspGluCysAspGlnGlySerProCysGluHisAsnGly                               151015                                                                         IleCysValAsnThrProGlySerTyrArgCysAsnCysSerGlnGly                               202530                                                                         PheThrGlyProArgCysGluThrAsnIleAsnGluCysGluSerHis                               354045                                                                         ProCysGlnAsnGluGlySerCysLeuAspAspProGlyThrPheArg                               505560                                                                         CysValCysMetProGlyPheThrGlyThrGlnCysGlu                                        657075                                                                         (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:2:                                               (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 78 amino acids                                                     (B) TYPE: amino acid                                                           (C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: unknown                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                                    (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:2:                                        AsnAspValAspGluCysSerLeuGlyAlaAsnProCysGluHisGly                               151015                                                                         GlyArgCysThrAsnThrLeuGlySerPheGlnCysAsnCysProGln                               202530                                                                         GlyTyrAlaGlyProArgCysGluIleAspValAsnGluCysLeuSer                               354045                                                                         AsnProCysGlnAsnAspSerThrCysLeuAspGlnIleGlyGluPhe                               505560                                                                         GlnCysIleCysMetProGlyTyrGluGlyLeuTyrCysGlu                                     657075                                                                         (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:3:                                               (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 203 amino acids                                                    (B) TYPE: amino acid                                                           (C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: unknown                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                                    (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:3:                                        GlySerPheGluLeuArgLeuLysTyrPheSerAsnAspHisGlyArg                               151015                                                                         AspAsnGluGlyArgCysCysSerGlyGluSerAspGlyAlaThrGly                               202530                                                                         LysCysLeuGlySerCysLysThrArgPheArgValCysLeuLysHis                               354045                                                                         TyrGlnAlaThrIleAspThrThrSerGlnCysThrTyrGlyAspVal                               505560                                                                         IleThrProIleLeuGlyGluAsnSerValAsnLeuThrAspAlaGln                               65707580                                                                       ArgPheGlnAsnLysGlyPheThrAsnProIleGlnPheProPheSer                               859095                                                                         PheSerTrpProGlyThrPheSerLeuIleValGluAlaTrpHisAsp                               100105110                                                                      ThrAsnAsnSerGlyAsnAlaArgThrAsnLysLeuLeuIleGlnArg                               115120125                                                                      LeuLeuValGlnGlnValLeuGluValSerSerGluTrpLysThrAsn                               130135140                                                                      LysSerGluSerGlnTyrThrSerLeuGluTyrAspPheArgValThr                               145150155160                                                                   CysAspLeuAsnTyrTyrGlySerGlyCysAlaLysPheCysArgPro                               165170175                                                                      ArgAspAspSerPheGlyHisSerThrCysSerGluThrGlyGluIle                               180185190                                                                      IleCysLeuThrGlyTrpGlnGlyAspTyrCys                                              195200                                                                         (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:4:                                               (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 199 amino acids                                                    (B) TYPE: amino acid                                                           (C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: unknown                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                                    (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:4:                                        GlyAsnPheGluLeuGluIleLeuGluIleSerAsnThrAsnSerHis                               151015                                                                         LeuLeuAsnGlyTyrCysCysGlyMetProAlaGluLeuArgAlaThr                               202530                                                                         LysThrIleGlyCysSerProCysThrThrAlaPheArgLeuCysLeu                               354045                                                                         LysGluTyrGlnThrThrGluGlnGlyAlaSerIleSerThrGlyCys                               505560                                                                         SerPheGlyAsnAlaThrThrLysIleLeuGlyGlySerSerPheVal                               65707580                                                                       LeuSerAspProGlyValGlyAlaIleValLeuProPheThrPheArg                               859095                                                                         TrpThrLysSerPheThrLeuIleLeuGlnAlaLeuAspMetTyrAsn                               100105110                                                                      ThrSerTyrProAspAlaGluArgLeuIleGluGluThrSerTyrSer                               115120125                                                                      GlyValIleLeuProSerProGluTrpLysThrLeuAspHisIleGly                               130135140                                                                      ArgAsnAlaArgIleThrTyrArgValArgValGlnCysAlaValThr                               145150155160                                                                   TyrTyrAsnThrThrCysThrThrPheCysArgProArgAspAspGln                               165170175                                                                      PheGlyHisTyrAlaCysGlySerGluGlyGlnLysLeuCysLeuAsn                               180185190                                                                      GlyTrpGlnGlyValAsnCys                                                          195                                                                            (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:5:                                               (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 2892 base pairs                                                    (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: double                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: unknown                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA                                                       (ix) FEATURE:                                                                  (A) NAME/KEY: CDS                                                              (B) LOCATION: 142..2640                                                        (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:5:                                        GAATTCGGAGGAATTATTCAAAACATAAACACAATAAACAATTTGAGTAGTTGCCGCACA60                 CACACACACACACAGCCCGTGGATTATTACACTAAAAGCGACACTCAATCCAAAAAATCA120                GCAACAAAAACATCAATAAACATGCATTGGATTAAATGTTTATTAACAGCA171                         MetHisTrpIleLysCysLeuLeuThrAla                                                 1510                                                                           TTCATTTGCTTCACAGTCATCGTGCAGGTTCACAGTTCCGGCAGCTTT219                            PheIleCysPheThrValIleValGlnValHisSerSerGlySerPhe                               152025                                                                         GAGTTGCGCCTGAAGTACTTCAGCAACGATCACGGGCGGGACAACGAG267                            GluLeuArgLeuLysTyrPheSerAsnAspHisGlyArgAspAsnGlu                               303540                                                                         GGTCGCTGCTGCAGCGGGGAGTCGGACGGAGCGACGGGCAAGTGCCTG315                            GlyArgCysCysSerGlyGluSerAspGlyAlaThrGlyLysCysLeu                               455055                                                                         GGCAGCTGCAAGACGCGGTTTCGCGTCTGCCTAAAGCACTACCAGGCC363                            GlySerCysLysThrArgPheArgValCysLeuLysHisTyrGlnAla                               606570                                                                         ACCATCGACACCACCTCCCAGTGCACCTACGGGGACGTGATCACGCCC411                            ThrIleAspThrThrSerGlnCysThrTyrGlyAspValIleThrPro                               75808590                                                                       ATTCTCGGCGAGAACTCGGTCAATCTGACCGACGCCCAGCGCTTCCAG459                            IleLeuGlyGluAsnSerValAsnLeuThrAspAlaGlnArgPheGln                               95100105                                                                       AACAAGGGCTTCACGAATCCCATCCAGTTCCCCTTCTCGTTCTCATGG507                            AsnLysGlyPheThrAsnProIleGlnPheProPheSerPheSerTrp                               110115120                                                                      CCGGGTACCTTCTCGCTGATCGTCGAGGCCTGGCATGATACGAACAAT555                            ProGlyThrPheSerLeuIleValGluAlaTrpHisAspThrAsnAsn                               125130135                                                                      AGCGGCAATGCGCGAACCAACAAGCTCCTCATCCAGCGACTCTTGGTG603                            SerGlyAsnAlaArgThrAsnLysLeuLeuIleGlnArgLeuLeuVal                               140145150                                                                      CAGCAGGTACTGGAGGTGTCCTCCGAATGGAAGACGAACAAGTCGGAA651                            GlnGlnValLeuGluValSerSerGluTrpLysThrAsnLysSerGlu                               155160165170                                                                   TCGCAGTACACGTCGCTGGAGTACGATTTCCGTGTCACCTGCGATCTC699                            SerGlnTyrThrSerLeuGluTyrAspPheArgValThrCysAspLeu                               175180185                                                                      AACTACTACGGATCCGGCTGTGCCAAGTTCTGCCGGCCCCGCGACGAT747                            AsnTyrTyrGlySerGlyCysAlaLysPheCysArgProArgAspAsp                               190195200                                                                      TCATTTGGACACTCGACTTGCTCGGAGACGGGCGAAATTATCTGTTTG795                            SerPheGlyHisSerThrCysSerGluThrGlyGluIleIleCysLeu                               205210215                                                                      ACCGGATGGCAGGGCGATTACTGTCACATACCCAAATGCGCCAAAGGC843                            ThrGlyTrpGlnGlyAspTyrCysHisIleProLysCysAlaLysGly                               220225230                                                                      TGTGAACATGGACATTGCGACAAACCCAATCAATGCGTTTGCCAACTG891                            CysGluHisGlyHisCysAspLysProAsnGlnCysValCysGlnLeu                               235240245250                                                                   GGCTGGAAGGGAGCCTTGTGCAACGAGTGCGTTCTGGAACCGAACTGC939                            GlyTrpLysGlyAlaLeuCysAsnGluCysValLeuGluProAsnCys                               255260265                                                                      ATCCATGGCACCTGCAACAAACCCTGGACTTGCATCTGCAACGAGGGT987                            IleHisGlyThrCysAsnLysProTrpThrCysIleCysAsnGluGly                               270275280                                                                      TGGGGAGGCTTGTACTGCAACCAGGATCTGAACTACTGCACCAACCAC1035                           TrpGlyGlyLeuTyrCysAsnGlnAspLeuAsnTyrCysThrAsnHis                               285290295                                                                      AGACCCTGCAAGAATGGCGGAACCTGCTTCAACACCGGCGAGGGATTG1083                           ArgProCysLysAsnGlyGlyThrCysPheAsnThrGlyGluGlyLeu                               300305310                                                                      TACACATGCAAATGCGCTCCAGGATACAGTGGTGATGATTGCGAAAAT1131                           TyrThrCysLysCysAlaProGlyTyrSerGlyAspAspCysGluAsn                               315320325330                                                                   GAGATCTACTCCTGCGATGCCGATGTCAATCCCTGCCAGAATGGTGGT1179                           GluIleTyrSerCysAspAlaAspValAsnProCysGlnAsnGlyGly                               335340345                                                                      ACCTGCATCGATGAGCCGCACACAAAAACCGGCTACAAGTGTCATTGC1227                           ThrCysIleAspGluProHisThrLysThrGlyTyrLysCysHisCys                               350355360                                                                      GCCAACGGCTGGAGCGGAAAGATGTGCGAGGAGAAAGTGCTCACGTGT1275                           AlaAsnGlyTrpSerGlyLysMetCysGluGluLysValLeuThrCys                               365370375                                                                      TCGGACAAACCCTGTCATCAGGGAATCTGCCGCAACGTTCGTCCTGGC1323                           SerAspLysProCysHisGlnGlyIleCysArgAsnValArgProGly                               380385390                                                                      TTGGGAAGCAAGGGTCAGGGCTACCAGTGCGAATGTCCCATTGGCTAC1371                           LeuGlySerLysGlyGlnGlyTyrGlnCysGluCysProIleGlyTyr                               395400405410                                                                   AGCGGACCCAACTGCGATCTCCAGCTGGACAACTGCAGTCCGAATCCA1419                           SerGlyProAsnCysAspLeuGlnLeuAspAsnCysSerProAsnPro                               415420425                                                                      TGCATAAACGGTGGAAGCTGTCAGCCGAGCGGAAAGTGTATTTGCCCA1467                           CysIleAsnGlyGlySerCysGlnProSerGlyLysCysIleCysPro                               430435440                                                                      GCGGGATTTTCGGGAACGAGATGCGAGACCAACATTGACGATTGTCTT1515                           AlaGlyPheSerGlyThrArgCysGluThrAsnIleAspAspCysLeu                               445450455                                                                      GGCCACCAGTGCGAGAACGGAGGCACCTGCATAGATATGGTCAACCAA1563                           GlyHisGlnCysGluAsnGlyGlyThrCysIleAspMetValAsnGln                               460465470                                                                      TATCGCTGCCAATGCGTTCCCGGTTTCCATGGCACCCACTGTAGTAGC1611                           TyrArgCysGlnCysValProGlyPheHisGlyThrHisCysSerSer                               475480485490                                                                   AAAGTTGACTTGTGCCTCATCAGACCGTGTGCCAATGGAGGAACCTGC1659                           LysValAspLeuCysLeuIleArgProCysAlaAsnGlyGlyThrCys                               495500505                                                                      TTGAATCTCAACAACGATTACCAGTGCACCTGTCGTGCGGGATTTACT1707                           LeuAsnLeuAsnAsnAspTyrGlnCysThrCysArgAlaGlyPheThr                               510515520                                                                      GGCAAGGATTGCTCTGTGGACATCGATGAGTGCAGCAGTGGACCCTGT1755                           GlyLysAspCysSerValAspIleAspGluCysSerSerGlyProCys                               525530535                                                                      CATAACGGCGGCACTTGCATGAACCGCGTCAATTCGTTCGAATGCGTG1803                           HisAsnGlyGlyThrCysMetAsnArgValAsnSerPheGluCysVal                               540545550                                                                      TGTGCCAATGGTTTCAGGGGCAAGCAGTGCGATGAGGAGTCCTACGAT1851                           CysAlaAsnGlyPheArgGlyLysGlnCysAspGluGluSerTyrAsp                               555560565570                                                                   TCGGTGACCTTCGATGCCCACCAATATGGAGCGACCACACAAGCGAGA1899                           SerValThrPheAspAlaHisGlnTyrGlyAlaThrThrGlnAlaArg                               575580585                                                                      GCCGATGGTTTGACCAATGCCCAGGTAGTCCTAATTGCTGTTTTCTCC1947                           AlaAspGlyLeuThrAsnAlaGlnValValLeuIleAlaValPheSer                               590595600                                                                      GTTGCGATGCCTTTGGTGGCGGTTATTGCGGCGTGCGTGGTCTTCTGC1995                           ValAlaMetProLeuValAlaValIleAlaAlaCysValValPheCys                               605610615                                                                      ATGAAGCGCAAGCGTAAGCGTGCTCAGGAAAAGGACGACGCGGAGGCC2043                           MetLysArgLysArgLysArgAlaGlnGluLysAspAspAlaGluAla                               620625630                                                                      AGGAAGCAGAACGAACAGAATGCGGTGGCCACAATGCATCACAATGGC2091                           ArgLysGlnAsnGluGlnAsnAlaValAlaThrMetHisHisAsnGly                               635640645650                                                                   AGTGGGGTGGGTGTAGCTTTGGCTTCAGCCTCTCTGGGCGGCAAAACT2139                           SerGlyValGlyValAlaLeuAlaSerAlaSerLeuGlyGlyLysThr                               655660665                                                                      GGCAGCAACAGCGGTCTCACCTTCGATGGCGGCAACCCGAATATCATC2187                           GlySerAsnSerGlyLeuThrPheAspGlyGlyAsnProAsnIleIle                               670675680                                                                      AAAAACACCTGGGACAAGTCGGTCAACAACATTTGTGCCTCAGCAGCA2235                           LysAsnThrTrpAspLysSerValAsnAsnIleCysAlaSerAlaAla                               685690695                                                                      GCAGCGGCGGCGGCGGCAGCAGCGGCGGACGAGTGTCTCATGTACGGC2283                           AlaAlaAlaAlaAlaAlaAlaAlaAlaAspGluCysLeuMetTyrGly                               700705710                                                                      GGATATGTGGCCTCGGTGGCGGATAACAACAATGCCAACTCAGACTTT2331                           GlyTyrValAlaSerValAlaAspAsnAsnAsnAlaAsnSerAspPhe                               715720725730                                                                   TGTGTGGCTCCGCTACAAAGAGCCAAGTCGCAAAAGCAACTCAACACC2379                           CysValAlaProLeuGlnArgAlaLysSerGlnLysGlnLeuAsnThr                               735740745                                                                      GATCCCACGCTCATGCACCGCGGTTCGCCGGCAGGCAGCTCAGCCAAG2427                           AspProThrLeuMetHisArgGlySerProAlaGlySerSerAlaLys                               750755760                                                                      GGAGCGTCTGGCGGAGGACCGGGAGCGGCGGAGGGCAAGAGGATCTCT2475                           GlyAlaSerGlyGlyGlyProGlyAlaAlaGluGlyLysArgIleSer                               765770775                                                                      GTTTTAGGCGAGGGTTCCTACTGTAGCCAGCGTTGGCCCTCGTTGGCG2523                           ValLeuGlyGluGlySerTyrCysSerGlnArgTrpProSerLeuAla                               780785790                                                                      GCGGCGGGAGTGGCCGGAGCCTGTTCATCCCAGCTAATGGCTGCAGCT2571                           AlaAlaGlyValAlaGlyAlaCysSerSerGlnLeuMetAlaAlaAla                               795800805810                                                                   TCGGCAGCGGGCAGCGGAGCGGGGACGGCGCAACAGCAGCGATCCGTG2619                           SerAlaAlaGlySerGlyAlaGlyThrAlaGlnGlnGlnArgSerVal                               815820825                                                                      GTCTGCGGCACTCCGCATATGTAACTCCAAAAATCCGGAAGGGCTCCTGGT2670                        ValCysGlyThrProHisMet                                                          830                                                                            AAATCCGGAGAAATCCGCATGGAGGAGCTGACAGCACATACACAAAGAAAAGACTGGGTT2730               GGGTTCAAAATGTGAGAGAGACGCCAAAATGTTGTTGTTGATTGAAGCAGTTTAGTCGTC2790               ACGAAAAATGAAAAATCTGTAACAGGCATAACTCGTAAACTCCCTAAAAAATTTGTATAG2850               TAATTAGCAAAGCTGTGACCCAGCCGTTTCGATCCCGAATTC2892                                 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:6:                                               (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 833 amino acids                                                    (B) TYPE: amino acid                                                           (D) TOPOLOGY: unknown                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein                                                    (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:6:                                        MetHisTrpIleLysCysLeuLeuThrAlaPheIleCysPheThrVal                               151015                                                                         IleValGlnValHisSerSerGlySerPheGluLeuArgLeuLysTyr                               202530                                                                         PheSerAsnAspHisGlyArgAspAsnGluGlyArgCysCysSerGly                               354045                                                                         GluSerAspGlyAlaThrGlyLysCysLeuGlySerCysLysThrArg                               505560                                                                         PheArgValCysLeuLysHisTyrGlnAlaThrIleAspThrThrSer                               65707580                                                                       GlnCysThrTyrGlyAspValIleThrProIleLeuGlyGluAsnSer                               859095                                                                         ValAsnLeuThrAspAlaGlnArgPheGlnAsnLysGlyPheThrAsn                               100105110                                                                      ProIleGlnPheProPheSerPheSerTrpProGlyThrPheSerLeu                               115120125                                                                      IleValGluAlaTrpHisAspThrAsnAsnSerGlyAsnAlaArgThr                               130135140                                                                      AsnLysLeuLeuIleGlnArgLeuLeuValGlnGlnValLeuGluVal                               145150155160                                                                   SerSerGluTrpLysThrAsnLysSerGluSerGlnTyrThrSerLeu                               165170175                                                                      GluTyrAspPheArgValThrCysAspLeuAsnTyrTyrGlySerGly                               180185190                                                                      CysAlaLysPheCysArgProArgAspAspSerPheGlyHisSerThr                               195200205                                                                      CysSerGluThrGlyGluIleIleCysLeuThrGlyTrpGlnGlyAsp                               210215220                                                                      TyrCysHisIleProLysCysAlaLysGlyCysGluHisGlyHisCys                               225230235240                                                                   AspLysProAsnGlnCysValCysGlnLeuGlyTrpLysGlyAlaLeu                               245250255                                                                      CysAsnGluCysValLeuGluProAsnCysIleHisGlyThrCysAsn                               260265270                                                                      LysProTrpThrCysIleCysAsnGluGlyTrpGlyGlyLeuTyrCys                               275280285                                                                      AsnGlnAspLeuAsnTyrCysThrAsnHisArgProCysLysAsnGly                               290295300                                                                      GlyThrCysPheAsnThrGlyGluGlyLeuTyrThrCysLysCysAla                               305310315320                                                                   ProGlyTyrSerGlyAspAspCysGluAsnGluIleTyrSerCysAsp                               325330335                                                                      AlaAspValAsnProCysGlnAsnGlyGlyThrCysIleAspGluPro                               340345350                                                                      HisThrLysThrGlyTyrLysCysHisCysAlaAsnGlyTrpSerGly                               355360365                                                                      LysMetCysGluGluLysValLeuThrCysSerAspLysProCysHis                               370375380                                                                      GlnGlyIleCysArgAsnValArgProGlyLeuGlySerLysGlyGln                               385390395400                                                                   GlyTyrGlnCysGluCysProIleGlyTyrSerGlyProAsnCysAsp                               405410415                                                                      LeuGlnLeuAspAsnCysSerProAsnProCysIleAsnGlyGlySer                               420425430                                                                      CysGlnProSerGlyLysCysIleCysProAlaGlyPheSerGlyThr                               435440445                                                                      ArgCysGluThrAsnIleAspAspCysLeuGlyHisGlnCysGluAsn                               450455460                                                                      GlyGlyThrCysIleAspMetValAsnGlnTyrArgCysGlnCysVal                               465470475480                                                                   ProGlyPheHisGlyThrHisCysSerSerLysValAspLeuCysLeu                               485490495                                                                      IleArgProCysAlaAsnGlyGlyThrCysLeuAsnLeuAsnAsnAsp                               500505510                                                                      TyrGlnCysThrCysArgAlaGlyPheThrGlyLysAspCysSerVal                               515520525                                                                      AspIleAspGluCysSerSerGlyProCysHisAsnGlyGlyThrCys                               530535540                                                                      MetAsnArgValAsnSerPheGluCysValCysAlaAsnGlyPheArg                               545550555560                                                                   GlyLysGlnCysAspGluGluSerTyrAspSerValThrPheAspAla                               565570575                                                                      HisGlnTyrGlyAlaThrThrGlnAlaArgAlaAspGlyLeuThrAsn                               580585590                                                                      AlaGlnValValLeuIleAlaValPheSerValAlaMetProLeuVal                               595600605                                                                      AlaValIleAlaAlaCysValValPheCysMetLysArgLysArgLys                               610615620                                                                      ArgAlaGlnGluLysAspAspAlaGluAlaArgLysGlnAsnGluGln                               625630635640                                                                   AsnAlaValAlaThrMetHisHisAsnGlySerGlyValGlyValAla                               645650655                                                                      LeuAlaSerAlaSerLeuGlyGlyLysThrGlySerAsnSerGlyLeu                               660665670                                                                      ThrPheAspGlyGlyAsnProAsnIleIleLysAsnThrTrpAspLys                               675680685                                                                      SerValAsnAsnIleCysAlaSerAlaAlaAlaAlaAlaAlaAlaAla                               690695700                                                                      AlaAlaAlaAspGluCysLeuMetTyrGlyGlyTyrValAlaSerVal                               705710715720                                                                   AlaAspAsnAsnAsnAlaAsnSerAspPheCysValAlaProLeuGln                               725730735                                                                      ArgAlaLysSerGlnLysGlnLeuAsnThrAspProThrLeuMetHis                               740745750                                                                      ArgGlySerProAlaGlySerSerAlaLysGlyAlaSerGlyGlyGly                               755760765                                                                      ProGlyAlaAlaGluGlyLysArgIleSerValLeuGlyGluGlySer                               770775780                                                                      TyrCysSerGlnArgTrpProSerLeuAlaAlaAlaGlyValAlaGly                               785790795800                                                                   AlaCysSerSerGlnLeuMetAlaAlaAlaSerAlaAlaGlySerGly                               805810815                                                                      AlaGlyThrAlaGlnGlnGlnArgSerValValCysGlyThrProHis                               820825830                                                                      Met                                                                            (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:7:                                               (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 1067 base pairs                                                    (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: double                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: unknown                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA                                                       (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:7:                                        GATCTACTACGAGGAGGTTAAGGAGAGCTATGTGGGCGAGCGACGCGAATACGATCCCCA60                 CATCACCGATCCCAGGGTCACACGCATGAAGATGGCCGGCCTGAAGCCCAACTCCAAATA120                CCGCATCTCCATCACTGCCACCACGAAAATGGGCGAGGGATCTGAACACTATATCGAAAA180                GACCACGCTCAAGGATGCCGTCAATGTGGCCCCTGCCACGCCATCTTTCTCCTGGGAGCA240                ACTGCCATCCGACAATGGACTAGCCAAGTTCCGCATCAACTGGCTGCCAAGTACCGAGGG300                TCATCCAGGCACTCACTTCTTTACGATGCACAGGATCAAGGGCGAAACCCAATGGATACG360                CGAGAATGAGGAAAAGAACTCCGATTACCAGGAGGTCGGTGGCTTAGATCCGGAGACCGC420                CTACGAGTTCCGCGTGGTGTCCGTGGATGGCCACTTTAACACGGAGAGTGCCACGCAGGA480                GATCGACACGAACACCGTTGAGGGACCAATAATGGTGGCCAACGAGACGGTGGCCAATGC540                CGGATGGTTCATTGGCATGATGCTGGCCCTGGCCTTCATCATCATCCTCTTCATCATCAT600                CTGCATTATCCGACGCAATCGGGGCGGAAAGTACGATGTCCACGATCGGGAGCTGGCCAA660                CGGCCGGCGGGATTATCCCGAAGAGGGCGGATTCCACGAGTACTCGCAACCGTTGGATAA720                CAAGAGCGCTGGTCGCCAATCCGTGAGTTCAGCGAACAAACCGGGCGTGGAAAGCGATAC780                TGATTCGATGGCCGAATACGGTGATGGCGATACAGGACAATTTACCGAGGATGGCTCCTT840                CATTGGCCAATATGTTCCTGGAAAGCTCCAACCGCCGGTTAGCCCACAGCCACTGAACAA900                TTCCGCTGCGGCGCATCAGGCGGCGCCAACTGCCGGAGGATCGGGAGCAGCCGGATCGGC960                AGCAGCAGCCGGAGCATCGGGTGGAGCATCGTCCGCCGGAGGAGCAGCTGCCAGCAATGG1020               AGGAGCTGCAGCCGGAGCCGTGGCCACCTACGTCTAAGCTTGGTACC1067                            (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:8:                                               (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 1320 base pairs                                                    (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: double                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: unknown                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA                                                       (ix) FEATURE:                                                                  (A) NAME/KEY: CDS                                                              (B) LOCATION: 442..1320                                                        (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:8:                                        CCGAGTCGAGCGCCGTGCTTCGAGCGGTGATGAGCCCCTTTTCTGTCAACGCTAAAGATC60                 TACAAAACATCAGCGCCTATCAAGTGGAAGTGTCAAGTGTGAACAAAACAAAAACGAGAG120                AAGCACATACTAAGGTCCATATAAATAATAAATAATAATTGTGTGTGATAACAACATTAT180                CCAAACAAAACCAAACAAAACGAAGGCAAAGTGGAGAAAATGATACAGCATCCAGAGTAC240                GGCCGTTATTCAGCTATCCAGAGCAAGTGTAGTGTGGCAAAATAGAAACAAACAAAGGCA300                CCAAAATCTGCATACATGGGCTAATTAAGGCTGCCCAGCGAATTTACATTTGTGTGGTGC360                CAATCCAGAGTGAATCCGAAACAAACTCCATCTAGATCGCCAACCAGCATCACGCTCGCA420                AACGCCCCCAGAATGTACAAAATGTTTAGGAAACATTTTCGGCGAAAACCA471                         MetPheArgLysHisPheArgArgLysPro                                                 1510                                                                           GCTACGTCGTCGTCGTTGGAGTCAACAATAGAATCAGCAGACAGCCTG519                            AlaThrSerSerSerLeuGluSerThrIleGluSerAlaAspSerLeu                               152025                                                                         GGAATGTCCAAGAAGACGGCGACAAAAAGGCAGCGTCCGAGGCATCGG567                            GlyMetSerLysLysThrAlaThrLysArgGlnArgProArgHisArg                               303540                                                                         GTACCCAAAATCGCGACCCTGCCATCGACGATCCGCGATTGTCGATCA615                            ValProLysIleAlaThrLeuProSerThrIleArgAspCysArgSer                               455055                                                                         TTAAAGTCTGCCTGCAACTTAATTGCTTTAATTTTAATACTGTTAGTC663                            LeuLysSerAlaCysAsnLeuIleAlaLeuIleLeuIleLeuLeuVal                               606570                                                                         CATAAGATATCCGCAGCTGGTAACTTCGAGCTGGAAATATTAGAAATC711                            HisLysIleSerAlaAlaGlyAsnPheGluLeuGluIleLeuGluIle                               75808590                                                                       TCAAATACCAACAGCCATCTACTCAACGGCTATTGCTGCGGCATGCCA759                            SerAsnThrAsnSerHisLeuLeuAsnGlyTyrCysCysGlyMetPro                               95100105                                                                       GCGGAACTTAGGGCCACCAAGACGATAGGCTGCTCGCCATGCACGACG807                            AlaGluLeuArgAlaThrLysThrIleGlyCysSerProCysThrThr                               110115120                                                                      GCATTCCGGCTGTGCCTGAAGGAGTACCAGACCACGGAGCAGGGTGCC855                            AlaPheArgLeuCysLeuLysGluTyrGlnThrThrGluGlnGlyAla                               125130135                                                                      AGCATATCCACGGGCTGTTCGTTTGGCAACGCCACCACCAAGATACTG903                            SerIleSerThrGlyCysSerPheGlyAsnAlaThrThrLysIleLeu                               140145150                                                                      GGTGGCTCCAGCTTTGTGCTCAGCGATCCGGGTGTGGGAGCCATTGTG951                            GlyGlySerSerPheValLeuSerAspProGlyValGlyAlaIleVal                               155160165170                                                                   CTGCCCTTTACGTTTCGTTGGACGAAGTCGTTTACGCTGATACTGCAG999                            LeuProPheThrPheArgTrpThrLysSerPheThrLeuIleLeuGln                               175180185                                                                      GCGTTGGATATGTACAACACATCCTATCCAGATGCGGAGAGGTTAATT1047                           AlaLeuAspMetTyrAsnThrSerTyrProAspAlaGluArgLeuIle                               190195200                                                                      GAGGAAACATCATACTCGGGCGTGATACTGCCGTCGCCGGAGTGGAAG1095                           GluGluThrSerTyrSerGlyValIleLeuProSerProGluTrpLys                               205210215                                                                      ACGCTGGACCACATCGGGCGGAACGCGCGGATCACCTACCGTGTCCGG1143                           ThrLeuAspHisIleGlyArgAsnAlaArgIleThrTyrArgValArg                               220225230                                                                      GTGCAATGCGCCGTTACCTACTACAACACGACCTGCACGACCTTCTGC1191                           ValGlnCysAlaValThrTyrTyrAsnThrThrCysThrThrPheCys                               235240245250                                                                   CGTCCGCGGGACGATCAGTTCGGTCACTACGCCTGCGGCTCCGAGGGT1239                           ArgProArgAspAspGlnPheGlyHisTyrAlaCysGlySerGluGly                               255260265                                                                      CAGAAGCTCTGCCTGAATGGCTGGCAGGGCGTCAACTGCGAGGAGGCC1287                           GlnLysLeuCysLeuAsnGlyTrpGlnGlyValAsnCysGluGluAla                               270275280                                                                      ATATGCAAGGCGGGCTGCGACCCCGTCCACGGC1320                                          IleCysLysAlaGlyCysAspProValHisGly                                              285290                                                                         (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:9:                                               (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 293 amino acids                                                    (B) TYPE: amino acid                                                           (D) TOPOLOGY: unknown                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein                                                    (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:9:                                        MetPheArgLysHisPheArgArgLysProAlaThrSerSerSerLeu                               151015                                                                         GluSerThrIleGluSerAlaAspSerLeuGlyMetSerLysLysThr                               202530                                                                         AlaThrLysArgGlnArgProArgHisArgValProLysIleAlaThr                               354045                                                                         LeuProSerThrIleArgAspCysArgSerLeuLysSerAlaCysAsn                               505560                                                                         LeuIleAlaLeuIleLeuIleLeuLeuValHisLysIleSerAlaAla                               65707580                                                                       GlyAsnPheGluLeuGluIleLeuGluIleSerAsnThrAsnSerHis                               859095                                                                         LeuLeuAsnGlyTyrCysCysGlyMetProAlaGluLeuArgAlaThr                               100105110                                                                      LysThrIleGlyCysSerProCysThrThrAlaPheArgLeuCysLeu                               115120125                                                                      LysGluTyrGlnThrThrGluGlnGlyAlaSerIleSerThrGlyCys                               130135140                                                                      SerPheGlyAsnAlaThrThrLysIleLeuGlyGlySerSerPheVal                               145150155160                                                                   LeuSerAspProGlyValGlyAlaIleValLeuProPheThrPheArg                               165170175                                                                      TrpThrLysSerPheThrLeuIleLeuGlnAlaLeuAspMetTyrAsn                               180185190                                                                      ThrSerTyrProAspAlaGluArgLeuIleGluGluThrSerTyrSer                               195200205                                                                      GlyValIleLeuProSerProGluTrpLysThrLeuAspHisIleGly                               210215220                                                                      ArgAsnAlaArgIleThrTyrArgValArgValGlnCysAlaValThr                               225230235240                                                                   TyrTyrAsnThrThrCysThrThrPheCysArgProArgAspAspGln                               245250255                                                                      PheGlyHisTyrAlaCysGlySerGluGlyGlnLysLeuCysLeuAsn                               260265270                                                                      GlyTrpGlnGlyValAsnCysGluGluAlaIleCysLysAlaGlyCys                               275280285                                                                      AspProValHisGly                                                                290                                                                            (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:10:                                              (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 26 base pairs                                                      (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: unknown                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA                                                       (ix) FEATURE:                                                                  (A) NAME/KEY: modified_base                                                    (B) LOCATION: 6                                                                (D) OTHER INFORMATION: /mod_base=i                                             /label=N                                                                       (ix) FEATURE:                                                                  (A) NAME/KEY: modified_base                                                    (B) LOCATION: 12                                                               (D) OTHER INFORMATION: /mod_base=i                                             /label=N                                                                       (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:10:                                       GAYGCNAAYGTNCARGAYAAYATGGG26                                                   (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:11:                                              (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 25 base pairs                                                      (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: unknown                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA                                                       (ix) FEATURE:                                                                  (A) NAME/KEY: modified_base                                                    (B) LOCATION: 3                                                                (D) OTHER INFORMATION: /mod_base=i                                             /label=N                                                                       (ix) FEATURE:                                                                  (A) NAME/KEY: modified_base                                                    (B) LOCATION: 12                                                               (D) OTHER INFORMATION: /mod_base=i                                             /label=N                                                                       (ix) FEATURE:                                                                  (A) NAME/KEY: modified_base                                                    (B) LOCATION: 18                                                               (D) OTHER INFORMATION: /mod_base=i                                             /label=N                                                                       (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:11:                                       ATNARRTCYTCNACCATNCCYTCDA25                                                    (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:12:                                              (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 26 base pairs                                                      (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: unknown                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA                                                       (ix) FEATURE:                                                                  (A) NAME/KEY: modified_base                                                    (B) LOCATION: 12                                                               (D) OTHER INFORMATION: /mod_base=i                                             /label=N                                                                       (ix) FEATURE:                                                                  (A) NAME/KEY: modified_base                                                    (B) LOCATION: 18                                                               (D) OTHER INFORMATION: /mod_base=i                                             /label=N                                                                       (ix) FEATURE:                                                                  (A) NAME/KEY: modified_base                                                    (B) LOCATION: 21                                                               (D) OTHER INFORMATION: /mod_base=i                                             /label=N                                                                       (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:12:                                       TCCATRTGRTCNGTDATNTCNCKRTT26                                                   (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:13:                                              (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 267 base pairs                                                     (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: double                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: unknown                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA                                                       (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:13:                                       CGGTGGACTTCCTTCGTGTATTGGTGGGAGCCCTCGGGAACGGGGGGTAACACTGAAAGG60                 TCGAGTACCCATTTCCGTCATAACGGGTTGGTCGCCCCCTAGGGGTCGGAGTCAGGTGGA120                CGGGAGGTCGACAACGCCCGGGGGACGGGTGGTACATGGTGTAAGGTCTTTACCGGACCG180                GGCAAACGGGTCACACCGAAAGGGGTGAACGGTAACTACGGGGTCGTCCTGCCCGTCCAT240                CGAGTCTGGTAAGAGGGTCGCCTTAAG267                                                 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:14:                                              (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 574 base pairs                                                     (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: double                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: unknown                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA                                                       (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:14:                                       GAATTCCTTCCATTATACGTGACTTTTCTGAAACTGTAGCCACCCTAGTGTCTCTAACTC60                 CCTCTGGAGTTTGTCAGCTTTGGTCTTTTCAAAGAGCAGGCTCTCTTCAAGCTCCTTAAT120                GCGGGCATGCTCCAGTTTGGTCTGCGTCTCAAGATCACCTTTGGTAATTGATTCTTCTTC180                AACCCGGAACTGAAGGCTGGCTCTCACCCTCTAGGCAGAGCAGGAATTCCGAGGTGGATG240                TGTTAGATGTGAATGTCCGTGGCCCAGATGGCTGCACCCCATTGATGTTGGCTTCTCTCC300                GAGGAGGCAGCTCAGATTTGAGTGATGAAGATGAAGATGCAGAGGACTGTTCTGCTAACA360                TCATCACAGACTTGGTCTACCAGGGTGCCAGCCTCCAGNCCAGACAGACCGGACTGGTGA420                GATGGCCCTGCACCTTGCAGCCCGCTACTCACGGGCTGATGCTGCCAAGCGTCTCCTGGA480                TGCAGGTGCAGATGCCAATGCCCAGGACAACATGGGCCGCTGTCCACTCCATGCTGCAGT540                GGCACGTGATGCCAAGGTGTATTCAGATCTGTTA574                                          (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:15:                                              (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 295 base pairs                                                     (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: double                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: unknown                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA                                                       (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:15:                                       TCCAGATTCTGATTCGCAACCGAGTAACTGATCTAGATGCCAGGATGAATGATGGTACTA60                 CACCCCTGATCCTGGCTGCCCGCCTGGCTGTGGAGGGAATGGTGGCAGAACTGATCAACT120                GCCAAGCGGATGTGAATGCAGTGGATGACCATGGAAAATCTGCTCTTCACTGGGCAGCTG180                CTGTCAATAATGTGGAGGCAACTCTTTTGTTGTTGAAAAATGGGGCCAACCGAGACATGC240                AGGACAACAAGGAAGAGACACCTCTGTTTCTTGCTGCCCGGGAGGAGCTATAAGC295                     (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:16:                                              (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 333 base pairs                                                     (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: double                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: unknown                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA                                                       (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:16:                                       GAGTCGTCGGTCGCCGGTGGACCCGGCCTCGAAGGACTCACCTCTCGGCTCGGTCCGTCT60                 GCACGTCATGACCCGGGGTCGTCGGACCGCCACGTGTGATAAGACGGGGTCCTCTCGGGG120                CGGGACGGGTGCAGCGACGGTAGGAGCGACCAGGGTGGGCACTGGCGTCGGGTCAAGGAC180                TGCGGGGGGAGCGTCGTGTCGATGAGGAGCGGACACCTGTTGTGGGGGTCGGTGGTCGAT240                GTCCACGGACAAGGACATTACCATTACTAGGCTAGAAGCCTAGGAAGATTTCCGAGTAGT300                TAAAACTAGCTTCGAGGGCTGAGTACCCTTAAG333                                           (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:17:                                              (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 582 base pairs                                                     (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: double                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: unknown                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA                                                       (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:17:                                       GAATTCCTGCCAGGAGGACGCGGGCAACAAGGTCTGCAGCCTGCAGTGCAACAACCACGC60                 GTGCGGCTGGGACGGCGGTGACTGCTCCCTCAACTTCACAATGACCCCTGGAAGAACTGC120                ACGCAGTCTCTGCAGTGCTGGAAGTACTTCAGTGACGGCCACTGTGACAGCCAGTGCAAC180                TCAGCCGGCTGCCTCTTCGACGGCTTTGACTGCCAGCGGCGGAAGGCCAGTTGCAACCCC240                CTGTACGACCAGTACTGCAAGGACCACTTCAGCGACGGGCACTGCGACCAGGGCTGCAAC300                AGCGCGGAGTNCAGNTGGGACGGGCTGGACTGTGCGGCAGTGTACCCGAGAGCTGGCGGC360                GCACGCTGGTGGTGGTGGTGCTGATGCCGCCGGAGCAGCTGCGCAACAGCTCCTTCCACT420                TCCTGCGGGACGTCAGCCGCGTGCTGCACACCAACGTGTCTTCAAGCGTGACGCACACGG480                CCAGCAGATGATGTTCCCCTACTACGGCCGCGAGGAGGAGCTGCGCAAGCCCCATCAAGC540                GTGCCGCCGAGGGCTGGGCCGCACCTGACGCCTGCTGGGCCA582                                  (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:18:                                              (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 150 base pairs                                                     (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: double                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: unknown                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA                                                       (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:18:                                       TCAGCCGAGTGCTGCACACCAACGTGTCTTCAAGCGTGACGCACACGGCCAGCAGATGAT60                 GTTCCCCTACTACGGCCGCGAGGAGGAGCTGCGCAAGCCCCATCAAGCGTGCCGCCGAGG120                GCTGGGCCGCACCTGACGCCTGCTGGGCCA150                                              (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:19:                                              (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 247 base pairs                                                     (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: double                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: unknown                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA                                                       (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:19:                                       TGGACCCGGCCTCGAAGGACTCACCTCTCGGCTCGGTCCGTCTGCACGTCGTGACCCGGG60                 GTCGTCGACCGCCACGTGTGATAAGACGGGGTCCTCTCGGGGCGGGACGGGTGCAGCGAC120                GGTAGGAGCGACCAGGGTGGGCACTGGCGTCGGGTCAAGGACTGCGGGGGGAGCGTCGTG180                TCGATGAGGAGCGGACACCTGTTGTGGGGGTCGGTGGTCGATGTCCACGGACAAGGACAT240                TACCATT247                                                                     (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:20:                                              (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 248 base pairs                                                     (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: double                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: unknown                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA                                                       (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:20:                                       GAATTCCATTCAGGAGGAAAGGGTGGGGAGAGAAGCAGGCACCCACTTTCCCGTGGCTGG60                 ACTCGTTCCCAGGTGGCTCCACCGGCAGCTGTGACCGCCGCAGGTGGGGGCGGAGTGCCA120                TTCAGAAAATTCCAGAAAAGCCCTACCCCAACTCGGACGGCAACGTCACACCCGTGGGTA180                GCAACTGGCACACAAACAGCCAGCGTGTCTGGGGCACGGGGGGATGGCACCCCCTGCAGG240                CAGAGCTG248                                                                    (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:21:                                              (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 323 base pairs                                                     (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: double                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: unknown                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA                                                       (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:21:                                       TACGTATCTCGAGCACAGACAGCTGACGTACACTTTTNNAGTGCGAGGGACATTCGTCCG60                 ACCAGTACGAACATTTAGGCTCAGTACGGTAGGTCCATGGCCAAGACTAGGAGACGTAGG120                GAGCTACAGGTCCCGCTCGCTAAACTCGGACCACTGAAACCTCCGGTCGACAGTCGGTAA180                GCGAACAAGAGGGCCAGATCTTAGAGAAGGTGTCGCGGCGAGACTCGGGCTCGGGTCAGG240                CGGCCTTAAGGACGTCGGGCCCNNNAGGTGATCAAGATCTCGNCNCGGCGGGCGCCACCT300                CGAGGNCGAAAACAAGGGAAATC323                                                     (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:22:                                              (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 330 base pairs                                                     (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: double                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: unknown                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA                                                       (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:22:                                       GAATTCCGAGGTGGATGTGTTAGATGTGAATGTCCGTGGCCCAGATGGCTGCACCCCATT60                 GATGTTGGCTTCTCTCCGAGGAGGCAGCTCAGATTTGAGTGATGAAGATGAAGATGCAGA120                GGACTCTTCTGCTAACATCATCACAGACTTGGTCTTACCAGGGTGCCAGCCTTCCAGGCC180                CAAGAACAGACCGGACTTGGTGAGATGGCCCTGCACCTTGCAGCCCGCTACTACGGGCTG240                ATGCTGCCAAGGTTCTGGATGCAGGTGCAGATGCCAATGCCCAGGACAACATGGGCCGCT300                GTCCACTCCATGCTGCAGTGGCACTGATGC330                                              (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:23:                                              (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 167 base pairs                                                     (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: double                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: unknown                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA                                                       (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:23:                                       TTCAAACAAGTAAGAGACGAAATAGAGAGGTACACCGTTGTAAGACAGTCGGAGAAAGTA60                 TCACACGTTTGTAAAATAGTAAGATTTACCACTGAGAGACGGGAACGTGGGTAAATAATA120                AGTGTCCTACCCCTCTTGGATAGACGTACCTGGGAGTGGTAGGAGAC167                             (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:24:                                              (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 225 base pairs                                                     (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: double                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: unknown                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA                                                       (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:24:                                       AGGATGAATGATGGTACTACACCCCTGATCCTGGCTGCCCGCCTGGCTGTGGAGGGAATG60                 GTGGCAGAACTGATCAACTGCCAAGCGGATGTGAATGCAGTGGATGACCATGGAAAATCT120                GCTCTTCACTGGGCAGCTGCTGTCAATAATGTGGAGGCAACTCTTTTGTTGTTGAAAAAT180                GGGGCCAACCGAGACATGCAGGACAACAAGGAAGAGACACCTCTG225                               (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:25:                                              (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 121 base pairs                                                     (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: double                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: unknown                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA                                                       (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:25:                                       TTCAAACAAGTAAGAGACGAAATAGAGAGGTACACCGTTGTAAGACAGTCGGAGAAAGTA60                 TCACACGTTTGTAAAATAGTAAGATTTACCACTGAGAGACGGGAACGTGGGTAAATAATA120                A121                                                                           (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:26:                                              (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 20 base pairs                                                      (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: unknown                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA                                                       (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:26:                                       ACTTCAGCAACGATCACGGG20                                                         (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:27:                                              (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 21 base pairs                                                      (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: unknown                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA                                                       (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:27:                                       TTGGGTATGTGACAGTAATCG21                                                        (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:28:                                              (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 14 base pairs                                                      (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: unknown                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA                                                       (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:28:                                       TTAAGTTAACTTAA14                                                               (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:29:                                              (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 12 base pairs                                                      (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: unknown                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA                                                       (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:29:                                       GGAAGATCTTCC12                                                                 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:30:                                              (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 4 amino acids                                                      (B) TYPE: amino acid                                                           (C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: unknown                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                                    (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:30:                                       ArgLysIlePhe                                                                   (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:31:                                              (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 3234 base pairs                                                    (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: double                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: unknown                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA                                                       (ix) FEATURE:                                                                  (A) NAME/KEY: CDS                                                              (B) LOCATION: 1..3234                                                          (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:31:                                       TGCCAGGAGGACGCGGGCAACAAGGTCTGCAGCCTGCAGTGCAACAAC48                             CysGlnGluAspAlaGlyAsnLysValCysSerLeuGlnCysAsnAsn                               151015                                                                         CACGCGTGCGGCTGGGACGGCGGTGACTGCTCCCTCAACTTCAATGAC96                             HisAlaCysGlyTrpAspGlyGlyAspCysSerLeuAsnPheAsnAsp                               202530                                                                         CCCTGGAAGAACTGCACGCAGTCTCTGCAGTGCTGGAAGTACTTCAGT144                            ProTrpLysAsnCysThrGlnSerLeuGlnCysTrpLysTyrPheSer                               354045                                                                         GACGGCCACTGTGACAGCCAGTGCAACTCAGCCGGCTGCCTCTTCGAC192                            AspGlyHisCysAspSerGlnCysAsnSerAlaGlyCysLeuPheAsp                               505560                                                                         GGCTTTGACTGCCAGCGTGCGGAAGGCCAGTGCAACCCCCTGTACGAC240                            GlyPheAspCysGlnArgAlaGluGlyGlnCysAsnProLeuTyrAsp                               65707580                                                                       CAGTACTGCAAGGACCACTTCAGCGACGGGCACTGCGACCAGGGCTGC288                            GlnTyrCysLysAspHisPheSerAspGlyHisCysAspGlnGlyCys                               859095                                                                         AACAGCGCGGAGTGCGAGTGGGACGGGCTGGACTGTGCGGAGCATGTA336                            AsnSerAlaGluCysGluTrpAspGlyLeuAspCysAlaGluHisVal                               100105110                                                                      CCCGAGAGGCTGGCGGCCGGCACGCTGGTGGTGGTGGTGCTGATGCCG384                            ProGluArgLeuAlaAlaGlyThrLeuValValValValLeuMetPro                               115120125                                                                      CCGGAGCAGCTGCGCAACAGCTCCTTCCACTTCCTGCGGGAGCTCAGC432                            ProGluGlnLeuArgAsnSerSerPheHisPheLeuArgGluLeuSer                               130135140                                                                      CGCGTGCTGCACACCAACGTGGTCTTCAAGCGTGACGCACACGGCCAG480                            ArgValLeuHisThrAsnValValPheLysArgAspAlaHisGlyGln                               145150155160                                                                   CAGATGATCTTCCCCTACTACGGCCGCGAGGAGGAGCTGCGCAAGCAC528                            GlnMetIlePheProTyrTyrGlyArgGluGluGluLeuArgLysHis                               165170175                                                                      CCCATCAAGCGTGCCGCCGAGGGCTGGGCCGCACCTGACGCCCTGCTG576                            ProIleLysArgAlaAlaGluGlyTrpAlaAlaProAspAlaLeuLeu                               180185190                                                                      GGCCAGGTGAAGGCCTCGCTGCTCCCTGGTGGCAGCGAGGGTGGGCGG624                            GlyGlnValLysAlaSerLeuLeuProGlyGlySerGluGlyGlyArg                               195200205                                                                      CGGCGGAGGGAGCTGGACCCCATGGACGTCCGCGGCTCCATCGTCTAC672                            ArgArgArgGluLeuAspProMetAspValArgGlySerIleValTyr                               210215220                                                                      CTGGAGATTGACAACCGGCAGTGTGTGCAGGCCTCCTCGCAGTGCTTC720                            LeuGluIleAspAsnArgGlnCysValGlnAlaSerSerGlnCysPhe                               225230235240                                                                   CAGAGTGCCACCGACGTGGCCGCATTCCTGGGAGCGCTCGCCTCGCTG768                            GlnSerAlaThrAspValAlaAlaPheLeuGlyAlaLeuAlaSerLeu                               245250255                                                                      GGCAGCCTCAACATCCCCTACAAGATCGAGGCCGTGCAGAGTGAGACC816                            GlySerLeuAsnIleProTyrLysIleGluAlaValGlnSerGluThr                               260265270                                                                      GTGGAGCCGCCCCCGCCGGCGCAGCTGCACTTCATGTACGTGGCGGCG864                            ValGluProProProProAlaGlnLeuHisPheMetTyrValAlaAla                               275280285                                                                      GCCGCCTTTGTGCTTCTGTTCTTCGTGGGCTGCGGGGTGCTGCTGTCC912                            AlaAlaPheValLeuLeuPhePheValGlyCysGlyValLeuLeuSer                               290295300                                                                      CGCAAGCGCCGGCGGCAGCATGGCCAGCTCTGGTTCCCTGAGGGCTTC960                            ArgLysArgArgArgGlnHisGlyGlnLeuTrpPheProGluGlyPhe                               305310315320                                                                   AAAGTGTCTGAGGCCAGCAAGAAGAAGCGGCGGGAGCCCCTCGGCGAG1008                           LysValSerGluAlaSerLysLysLysArgArgGluProLeuGlyGlu                               325330335                                                                      GACTCCGTGGGCCTCAAGCCCCTGAAGAACGCTTCAGACGGTGCCCTC1056                           AspSerValGlyLeuLysProLeuLysAsnAlaSerAspGlyAlaLeu                               340345350                                                                      ATGGACGACAACCAGAATGAGTGGGGGGACGAGGACCTGGAGACCAAG1104                           MetAspAspAsnGlnAsnGluTrpGlyAspGluAspLeuGluThrLys                               355360365                                                                      AAGTTCCGGTTCGAGGAGCCCGTGGTTCTGCCTGACCTGGACGACCAG1152                           LysPheArgPheGluGluProValValLeuProAspLeuAspAspGln                               370375380                                                                      ACAGACCACCGGCAGTGGACTCAGCAGCACCTGGATGCCGCTGACCTG1200                           ThrAspHisArgGlnTrpThrGlnGlnHisLeuAspAlaAlaAspLeu                               385390395400                                                                   CGCATGTCTGCCATGGCCCCCACACCGCCCCAGGGTGAGGTTGACGCC1248                           ArgMetSerAlaMetAlaProThrProProGlnGlyGluValAspAla                               405410415                                                                      GACTGCATGGACGTCAATGTCCGCGGGCCTGATGGCTTCACCCCGCTC1296                           AspCysMetAspValAsnValArgGlyProAspGlyPheThrProLeu                               420425430                                                                      ATGATCGCCTCCTGCAGCGGGGGCGGCCTGGAGACGGGCAACAGCGAG1344                           MetIleAlaSerCysSerGlyGlyGlyLeuGluThrGlyAsnSerGlu                               435440445                                                                      GAAGAGGAGGACGCGCCGGCCGTCATCTCCGACTTCATCTACCAGGGC1392                           GluGluGluAspAlaProAlaValIleSerAspPheIleTyrGlnGly                               450455460                                                                      GCCAGCCTGCACAACCAGACAGACCGCACGGGCGAGACCGCCTTGCAC1440                           AlaSerLeuHisAsnGlnThrAspArgThrGlyGluThrAlaLeuHis                               465470475480                                                                   CTGGCCGCCCGCTACTCACGCTCTGATGCCGCCAAGCGCCTGCTGGAG1488                           LeuAlaAlaArgTyrSerArgSerAspAlaAlaLysArgLeuLeuGlu                               485490495                                                                      GCCAGCGCAGATGCCAACATCCAGGACAACATGGGCCGCACCCCGCTG1536                           AlaSerAlaAspAlaAsnIleGlnAspAsnMetGlyArgThrProLeu                               500505510                                                                      CATGCGGCTGTGTCTGCCGACGCACAAGGTGTCTTCCAGATCCTGATC1584                           HisAlaAlaValSerAlaAspAlaGlnGlyValPheGlnIleLeuIle                               515520525                                                                      CGGAACCGAGCCACAGACCTGGATGCCCGCATGCATGATGGCACGACG1632                           ArgAsnArgAlaThrAspLeuAspAlaArgMetHisAspGlyThrThr                               530535540                                                                      CCACTGATCCTGGCTGCCCGCCTGGCCGTGGAGGGCATGCTGGAGGAC1680                           ProLeuIleLeuAlaAlaArgLeuAlaValGluGlyMetLeuGluAsp                               545550555560                                                                   CTCATCAACTCACACGCCGACGTCAACGCCGTAGATGACCTGGGCAAG1728                           LeuIleAsnSerHisAlaAspValAsnAlaValAspAspLeuGlyLys                               565570575                                                                      TCCGCCCTGCACTGGGCCGCCGCCGTGAACAATGTGGATGCCGCAGTT1776                           SerAlaLeuHisTrpAlaAlaAlaValAsnAsnValAspAlaAlaVal                               580585590                                                                      GTGCTCCTGAAGAACGGGGCTAACAAAGATATGCAGAACAACAGGGAG1824                           ValLeuLeuLysAsnGlyAlaAsnLysAspMetGlnAsnAsnArgGlu                               595600605                                                                      GAGACACCCCTGTTTCTGGCCGCCCGGGAGGGCAGCTACGAGACCGCC1872                           GluThrProLeuPheLeuAlaAlaArgGluGlySerTyrGluThrAla                               610615620                                                                      AAGGTGCTGCTGGACCACTTTGCCAACCGGGACATCACGGATCATATG1920                           LysValLeuLeuAspHisPheAlaAsnArgAspIleThrAspHisMet                               625630635640                                                                   GACCGCCTGCCGCGCGACATCGCACAGGAGCGCATGCATCACGACATC1968                           AspArgLeuProArgAspIleAlaGlnGluArgMetHisHisAspIle                               645650655                                                                      GTGAGGCTGCTGGACGAGTACAACCTGGTGCGCAGCCCGCAGCTGCAC2016                           ValArgLeuLeuAspGluTyrAsnLeuValArgSerProGlnLeuHis                               660665670                                                                      GGAGCCCCGCTGGGGGGCACGCCCACCCTGTCGCCCCCGCTCTGCTCG2064                           GlyAlaProLeuGlyGlyThrProThrLeuSerProProLeuCysSer                               675680685                                                                      CCCAACGGCTACCTGGGCAGCCTCAAGCCCGGCGTGCAGGGCAAGAAG2112                           ProAsnGlyTyrLeuGlySerLeuLysProGlyValGlnGlyLysLys                               690695700                                                                      GTCCGCAAGCCCAGCAGCAAAGGCCTGGCCTGTGGAAGCAAGGAGGCC2160                           ValArgLysProSerSerLysGlyLeuAlaCysGlySerLysGluAla                               705710715720                                                                   AAGGACCTCAAGGCACGGAGGAAGAAGTCCCAGGATGGCAAGGGCTGC2208                           LysAspLeuLysAlaArgArgLysLysSerGlnAspGlyLysGlyCys                               725730735                                                                      CTGCTGGACAGCTCCGGCATGCTCTCGCCCGTGGACTCCCTGGAGTCA2256                           LeuLeuAspSerSerGlyMetLeuSerProValAspSerLeuGluSer                               740745750                                                                      CCCCATGGCTACCTGTCAGACGTGGCCTCGCCGCCACTGCTGCCCTCC2304                           ProHisGlyTyrLeuSerAspValAlaSerProProLeuLeuProSer                               755760765                                                                      CCGTTCCAGCAGTCTCCGTCCGTGCCCCTCAACCACCTGCCTGGGATG2352                           ProPheGlnGlnSerProSerValProLeuAsnHisLeuProGlyMet                               770775780                                                                      CCCGACACCCACCTGGGCATCGGGCACCTGAACGTGGCGGCCAAGCCC2400                           ProAspThrHisLeuGlyIleGlyHisLeuAsnValAlaAlaLysPro                               785790795800                                                                   GAGATGGCGGCGCTGGGTGGGGGCGGCCGGCTGGCCTTTGAGACTGGC2448                           GluMetAlaAlaLeuGlyGlyGlyGlyArgLeuAlaPheGluThrGly                               805810815                                                                      CCACCTCGTCTCTCCCACCTGCCTGTGGCCTCTGGCACCAGCACCGTC2496                           ProProArgLeuSerHisLeuProValAlaSerGlyThrSerThrVal                               820825830                                                                      CTGGGCTCCAGCAGCGGAGGGGCCCTGAATTTCACTGTGGGCGGGTCC2544                           LeuGlySerSerSerGlyGlyAlaLeuAsnPheThrValGlyGlySer                               835840845                                                                      ACCAGTTTGAATGGTCAATGCGAGTGGCTGTCCCGGCTGCAGAGCGGC2592                           ThrSerLeuAsnGlyGlnCysGluTrpLeuSerArgLeuGlnSerGly                               850855860                                                                      ATGGTGCCGAACCAATACAACCCTCTGCGGGGGAGTGTGGCACCAGGC2640                           MetValProAsnGlnTyrAsnProLeuArgGlySerValAlaProGly                               865870875880                                                                   CCCCTGAGCACACAGGCCCCCTCCCTGCAGCATGGCATGGTAGGCCCG2688                           ProLeuSerThrGlnAlaProSerLeuGlnHisGlyMetValGlyPro                               885890895                                                                      CTGCACAGTAGCCTTGCTGCCAGCGCCCTGTCCCAGATGATGAGCTAC2736                           LeuHisSerSerLeuAlaAlaSerAlaLeuSerGlnMetMetSerTyr                               900905910                                                                      CAGGGCCTGCCCAGCACCCGGCTGGCCACCCAGCCTCACCTGGTGCAG2784                           GlnGlyLeuProSerThrArgLeuAlaThrGlnProHisLeuValGln                               915920925                                                                      ACCCAGCAGGTGCAGCCACAAAACTTACAGATGCAGCAGCAGAACCTG2832                           ThrGlnGlnValGlnProGlnAsnLeuGlnMetGlnGlnGlnAsnLeu                               930935940                                                                      CAGCCAGCAAACATCCAGCAGCAGCAAAGCCTGCAGCCGCCACCACCA2880                           GlnProAlaAsnIleGlnGlnGlnGlnSerLeuGlnProProProPro                               945950955960                                                                   CCACCACAGCCGCACCTTGGCGTGAGCTCAGCAGCCAGCGGCCACCTG2928                           ProProGlnProHisLeuGlyValSerSerAlaAlaSerGlyHisLeu                               965970975                                                                      GGCCGGAGCTTCCTGAGTGGAGAGCCGAGCCAGGCAGACGTGCAGCCA2976                           GlyArgSerPheLeuSerGlyGluProSerGlnAlaAspValGlnPro                               980985990                                                                      CTGGGCCCCAGCAGCCTGGCGGTGCACACTATTCTGCCCCAGGAGAGC3024                           LeuGlyProSerSerLeuAlaValHisThrIleLeuProGlnGluSer                               99510001005                                                                    CCCGCCCTGCCCACGTCGCTGCCATCCTCGCTGGTCCCACCCGTGACC3072                           ProAlaLeuProThrSerLeuProSerSerLeuValProProValThr                               101010151020                                                                   GCAGCCCAGTTCCTGACGCCCCCCTCGCAGCACAGCTACTCCTCGCCT3120                           AlaAlaGlnPheLeuThrProProSerGlnHisSerTyrSerSerPro                               1025103010351040                                                               GTGGACAACACCCCCAGCCACCAGCTACAGGTGCCTGTTCCTGTAATG3168                           ValAspAsnThrProSerHisGlnLeuGlnValProValProValMet                               104510501055                                                                   GTAATGATCCGATCTTCGGATCCTTCTAAAGGCTCATCAATTTTGATC3216                           ValMetIleArgSerSerAspProSerLysGlySerSerIleLeuIle                               106010651070                                                                   GAAGCTCCCGACTCATGG3234                                                         GluAlaProAspSerTrp                                                             1075                                                                           (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:32:                                              (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 1078 amino acids                                                   (B) TYPE: amino acid                                                           (D) TOPOLOGY: unknown                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein                                                    (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:32:                                       CysGlnGluAspAlaGlyAsnLysValCysSerLeuGlnCysAsnAsn                               151015                                                                         HisAlaCysGlyTrpAspGlyGlyAspCysSerLeuAsnPheAsnAsp                               202530                                                                         ProTrpLysAsnCysThrGlnSerLeuGlnCysTrpLysTyrPheSer                               354045                                                                         AspGlyHisCysAspSerGlnCysAsnSerAlaGlyCysLeuPheAsp                               505560                                                                         GlyPheAspCysGlnArgAlaGluGlyGlnCysAsnProLeuTyrAsp                               65707580                                                                       GlnTyrCysLysAspHisPheSerAspGlyHisCysAspGlnGlyCys                               859095                                                                         AsnSerAlaGluCysGluTrpAspGlyLeuAspCysAlaGluHisVal                               100105110                                                                      ProGluArgLeuAlaAlaGlyThrLeuValValValValLeuMetPro                               115120125                                                                      ProGluGlnLeuArgAsnSerSerPheHisPheLeuArgGluLeuSer                               130135140                                                                      ArgValLeuHisThrAsnValValPheLysArgAspAlaHisGlyGln                               145150155160                                                                   GlnMetIlePheProTyrTyrGlyArgGluGluGluLeuArgLysHis                               165170175                                                                      ProIleLysArgAlaAlaGluGlyTrpAlaAlaProAspAlaLeuLeu                               180185190                                                                      GlyGlnValLysAlaSerLeuLeuProGlyGlySerGluGlyGlyArg                               195200205                                                                      ArgArgArgGluLeuAspProMetAspValArgGlySerIleValTyr                               210215220                                                                      LeuGluIleAspAsnArgGlnCysValGlnAlaSerSerGlnCysPhe                               225230235240                                                                   GlnSerAlaThrAspValAlaAlaPheLeuGlyAlaLeuAlaSerLeu                               245250255                                                                      GlySerLeuAsnIleProTyrLysIleGluAlaValGlnSerGluThr                               260265270                                                                      ValGluProProProProAlaGlnLeuHisPheMetTyrValAlaAla                               275280285                                                                      AlaAlaPheValLeuLeuPhePheValGlyCysGlyValLeuLeuSer                               290295300                                                                      ArgLysArgArgArgGlnHisGlyGlnLeuTrpPheProGluGlyPhe                               305310315320                                                                   LysValSerGluAlaSerLysLysLysArgArgGluProLeuGlyGlu                               325330335                                                                      AspSerValGlyLeuLysProLeuLysAsnAlaSerAspGlyAlaLeu                               340345350                                                                      MetAspAspAsnGlnAsnGluTrpGlyAspGluAspLeuGluThrLys                               355360365                                                                      LysPheArgPheGluGluProValValLeuProAspLeuAspAspGln                               370375380                                                                      ThrAspHisArgGlnTrpThrGlnGlnHisLeuAspAlaAlaAspLeu                               385390395400                                                                   ArgMetSerAlaMetAlaProThrProProGlnGlyGluValAspAla                               405410415                                                                      AspCysMetAspValAsnValArgGlyProAspGlyPheThrProLeu                               420425430                                                                      MetIleAlaSerCysSerGlyGlyGlyLeuGluThrGlyAsnSerGlu                               435440445                                                                      GluGluGluAspAlaProAlaValIleSerAspPheIleTyrGlnGly                               450455460                                                                      AlaSerLeuHisAsnGlnThrAspArgThrGlyGluThrAlaLeuHis                               465470475480                                                                   LeuAlaAlaArgTyrSerArgSerAspAlaAlaLysArgLeuLeuGlu                               485490495                                                                      AlaSerAlaAspAlaAsnIleGlnAspAsnMetGlyArgThrProLeu                               500505510                                                                      HisAlaAlaValSerAlaAspAlaGlnGlyValPheGlnIleLeuIle                               515520525                                                                      ArgAsnArgAlaThrAspLeuAspAlaArgMetHisAspGlyThrThr                               530535540                                                                      ProLeuIleLeuAlaAlaArgLeuAlaValGluGlyMetLeuGluAsp                               545550555560                                                                   LeuIleAsnSerHisAlaAspValAsnAlaValAspAspLeuGlyLys                               565570575                                                                      SerAlaLeuHisTrpAlaAlaAlaValAsnAsnValAspAlaAlaVal                               580585590                                                                      ValLeuLeuLysAsnGlyAlaAsnLysAspMetGlnAsnAsnArgGlu                               595600605                                                                      GluThrProLeuPheLeuAlaAlaArgGluGlySerTyrGluThrAla                               610615620                                                                      LysValLeuLeuAspHisPheAlaAsnArgAspIleThrAspHisMet                               625630635640                                                                   AspArgLeuProArgAspIleAlaGlnGluArgMetHisHisAspIle                               645650655                                                                      ValArgLeuLeuAspGluTyrAsnLeuValArgSerProGlnLeuHis                               660665670                                                                      GlyAlaProLeuGlyGlyThrProThrLeuSerProProLeuCysSer                               675680685                                                                      ProAsnGlyTyrLeuGlySerLeuLysProGlyValGlnGlyLysLys                               690695700                                                                      ValArgLysProSerSerLysGlyLeuAlaCysGlySerLysGluAla                               705710715720                                                                   LysAspLeuLysAlaArgArgLysLysSerGlnAspGlyLysGlyCys                               725730735                                                                      LeuLeuAspSerSerGlyMetLeuSerProValAspSerLeuGluSer                               740745750                                                                      ProHisGlyTyrLeuSerAspValAlaSerProProLeuLeuProSer                               755760765                                                                      ProPheGlnGlnSerProSerValProLeuAsnHisLeuProGlyMet                               770775780                                                                      ProAspThrHisLeuGlyIleGlyHisLeuAsnValAlaAlaLysPro                               785790795800                                                                   GluMetAlaAlaLeuGlyGlyGlyGlyArgLeuAlaPheGluThrGly                               805810815                                                                      ProProArgLeuSerHisLeuProValAlaSerGlyThrSerThrVal                               820825830                                                                      LeuGlySerSerSerGlyGlyAlaLeuAsnPheThrValGlyGlySer                               835840845                                                                      ThrSerLeuAsnGlyGlnCysGluTrpLeuSerArgLeuGlnSerGly                               850855860                                                                      MetValProAsnGlnTyrAsnProLeuArgGlySerValAlaProGly                               865870875880                                                                   ProLeuSerThrGlnAlaProSerLeuGlnHisGlyMetValGlyPro                               885890895                                                                      LeuHisSerSerLeuAlaAlaSerAlaLeuSerGlnMetMetSerTyr                               900905910                                                                      GlnGlyLeuProSerThrArgLeuAlaThrGlnProHisLeuValGln                               915920925                                                                      ThrGlnGlnValGlnProGlnAsnLeuGlnMetGlnGlnGlnAsnLeu                               930935940                                                                      GlnProAlaAsnIleGlnGlnGlnGlnSerLeuGlnProProProPro                               945950955960                                                                   ProProGlnProHisLeuGlyValSerSerAlaAlaSerGlyHisLeu                               965970975                                                                      GlyArgSerPheLeuSerGlyGluProSerGlnAlaAspValGlnPro                               980985990                                                                      LeuGlyProSerSerLeuAlaValHisThrIleLeuProGlnGluSer                               99510001005                                                                    ProAlaLeuProThrSerLeuProSerSerLeuValProProValThr                               101010151020                                                                   AlaAlaGlnPheLeuThrProProSerGlnHisSerTyrSerSerPro                               1025103010351040                                                               ValAspAsnThrProSerHisGlnLeuGlnValProValProValMet                               104510501055                                                                   ValMetIleArgSerSerAspProSerLysGlySerSerIleLeuIle                               106010651070                                                                   GluAlaProAspSerTrp                                                             1075                                                                           (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:33:                                              (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 4268 base pairs                                                    (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: double                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: unknown                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA                                                       (ix) FEATURE:                                                                  (A) NAME/KEY: CDS                                                              (B) LOCATION: 2..1972                                                          (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:33:                                       GGAGGTGGATGTGTTAGATGTGAATGTCCGTGGCCCAGATGGCTGC46                               GluValAspValLeuAspValAsnValArgGlyProAspGlyCys                                  151015                                                                         ACCCCATTGATGTTGGCTTCTCTCCGAGGAGGCAGCTCAGATTTGAGT94                             ThrProLeuMetLeuAlaSerLeuArgGlyGlySerSerAspLeuSer                               202530                                                                         GATGAAGATGAAGATGCAGAGGACTCTTCTGCTAACATCATCACAGAC142                            AspGluAspGluAspAlaGluAspSerSerAlaAsnIleIleThrAsp                               354045                                                                         TTGGTCTACCAGGGTGCCAGCCTCCAGGCCCAGACAGACCGGACTGGT190                            LeuValTyrGlnGlyAlaSerLeuGlnAlaGlnThrAspArgThrGly                               505560                                                                         GAGATGGCCCTGCACCTTGCAGCCCGCTACTCACGGGCTGATGCTGCC238                            GluMetAlaLeuHisLeuAlaAlaArgTyrSerArgAlaAspAlaAla                               657075                                                                         AAGCGTCTCCTGGATGCAGGTGCAGATGCCAATGCCCAGGACAACATG286                            LysArgLeuLeuAspAlaGlyAlaAspAlaAsnAlaGlnAspAsnMet                               80859095                                                                       GGCCGCTGTCCACTCCATGCTGCAGTGGCAGCTGATGCCCAAGGTGTC334                            GlyArgCysProLeuHisAlaAlaValAlaAlaAspAlaGlnGlyVal                               100105110                                                                      TTCCAGATTCTGATTCGCAACCGAGTAACTGATCTAGATGCCAGGATG382                            PheGlnIleLeuIleArgAsnArgValThrAspLeuAspAlaArgMet                               115120125                                                                      AATGATGGTACTACACCCCTGATCCTGGCTGCCCGCCTGGCTGTGGAG430                            AsnAspGlyThrThrProLeuIleLeuAlaAlaArgLeuAlaValGlu                               130135140                                                                      GGAATGGTGGCAGAACTGATCAACTGCCAAGCGGATGTGAATGCAGTG478                            GlyMetValAlaGluLeuIleAsnCysGlnAlaAspValAsnAlaVal                               145150155                                                                      GATGACCATGGAAAATCTGCTCTTCACTGGGCAGCTGCTGTCAATAAT526                            AspAspHisGlyLysSerAlaLeuHisTrpAlaAlaAlaValAsnAsn                               160165170175                                                                   GTGGAGGCAACTCTTTTGTTGTTGAAAAATGGGGCCAACCGAGACATG574                            ValGluAlaThrLeuLeuLeuLeuLysAsnGlyAlaAsnArgAspMet                               180185190                                                                      CAGGACAACAAGGAAGAGACACCTCTGTTTCTTGCTGCCCGGGAGGGG622                            GlnAspAsnLysGluGluThrProLeuPheLeuAlaAlaArgGluGly                               195200205                                                                      AGCTATGAAGCAGCCAAGATCCTGTTAGACCATTTTGCCAATCGAGAC670                            SerTyrGluAlaAlaLysIleLeuLeuAspHisPheAlaAsnArgAsp                               210215220                                                                      ATCACAGACCATATGGATCGTCTTCCCCGGGATGTGGCTCGGGATCGC718                            IleThrAspHisMetAspArgLeuProArgAspValAlaArgAspArg                               225230235                                                                      ATGCACCATGACATTGTGCGCCTTCTGGATGAATACAATGTGACCCCA766                            MetHisHisAspIleValArgLeuLeuAspGluTyrAsnValThrPro                               240245250255                                                                   AGCCCTCCAGGCACCGTGTTGACTTCTGCTCTCTCACCTGTCATCTGT814                            SerProProGlyThrValLeuThrSerAlaLeuSerProValIleCys                               260265270                                                                      GGGCCCAACAGATCTTTCCTCAGCCTGAAGCACACCCCAATGGGCAAG862                            GlyProAsnArgSerPheLeuSerLeuLysHisThrProMetGlyLys                               275280285                                                                      AAGTCTAGACGGCCCAGTGCCAAGAGTACCATGCCTACTAGCCTCCCT910                            LysSerArgArgProSerAlaLysSerThrMetProThrSerLeuPro                               290295300                                                                      AACCTTGCCAAGGAGGCAAAGGATGCCAAGGGTAGTAGGAGGAAGAAG958                            AsnLeuAlaLysGluAlaLysAspAlaLysGlySerArgArgLysLys                               305310315                                                                      TCTCTGAGTGAGAAGGTCCAACTGTCTGAGAGTTCAGTAACTTTATCC1006                           SerLeuSerGluLysValGlnLeuSerGluSerSerValThrLeuSer                               320325330335                                                                   CCTGTTGATTCCCTAGAATCTCCTCACACGTATGTTTCCGACACCACA1054                           ProValAspSerLeuGluSerProHisThrTyrValSerAspThrThr                               340345350                                                                      TCCTCTCCAATGATTACATCCCCTGGGATCTTACAGGCCTCACCCAAC1102                           SerSerProMetIleThrSerProGlyIleLeuGlnAlaSerProAsn                               355360365                                                                      CCTATGTTGGCCACTGCCGCCCCTCCTGCCCCAGTCCATGCCCAGCAT1150                           ProMetLeuAlaThrAlaAlaProProAlaProValHisAlaGlnHis                               370375380                                                                      GCACTATCTTTTTCTAACCTTCATGAAATGCAGCCTTTGGCACATGGG1198                           AlaLeuSerPheSerAsnLeuHisGluMetGlnProLeuAlaHisGly                               385390395                                                                      GCCAGCACTGTGCTTCCCTCAGTGAGCCAGTTGCTATCCCACCACCAC1246                           AlaSerThrValLeuProSerValSerGlnLeuLeuSerHisHisHis                               400405410415                                                                   ATTGTGTCTCCAGGCAGTGGCAGTGCTGGAAGCTTGAGTAGGCTCCAT1294                           IleValSerProGlySerGlySerAlaGlySerLeuSerArgLeuHis                               420425430                                                                      CCAGTCCCAGTCCCAGCAGATTGGATGAACCGCATGGAGGTGAATGAG1342                           ProValProValProAlaAspTrpMetAsnArgMetGluValAsnGlu                               435440445                                                                      ACCCAGTACAATGAGATGTTTGGTATGGTCCTGGCTCCAGCTGAGGGC1390                           ThrGlnTyrAsnGluMetPheGlyMetValLeuAlaProAlaGluGly                               450455460                                                                      ACCCATCCTGGCATAGCTCCCCAGAGCAGGCCACCTGAAGGGAAGCAC1438                           ThrHisProGlyIleAlaProGlnSerArgProProGluGlyLysHis                               465470475                                                                      ATAACCACCCCTCGGGAGCCCTTGCCCCCCATTGTGACTTTCCAGCTC1486                           IleThrThrProArgGluProLeuProProIleValThrPheGlnLeu                               480485490495                                                                   ATCCCTAAAGGCAGTATTGCCCAACCAGCGGGGGCTCCCCAGCCTCAG1534                           IleProLysGlySerIleAlaGlnProAlaGlyAlaProGlnProGln                               500505510                                                                      TCCACCTGCCCTCCAGCTGTTGCGGGCCCCCTGCCCACCATGTACCAG1582                           SerThrCysProProAlaValAlaGlyProLeuProThrMetTyrGln                               515520525                                                                      ATTCCAGAAATGGCCCGTTTGCCCAGTGTGGCTTTCCCCACTGCCATG1630                           IleProGluMetAlaArgLeuProSerValAlaPheProThrAlaMet                               530535540                                                                      ATGCCCCAGCAGGACGGGCAGGTAGCTCAGACCATTCTCCCAGCCTAT1678                           MetProGlnGlnAspGlyGlnValAlaGlnThrIleLeuProAlaTyr                               545550555                                                                      CATCCTTTCCCAGCCTCTGTGGGCAAGTACCCCACACCCCCTTCACAG1726                           HisProPheProAlaSerValGlyLysTyrProThrProProSerGln                               560565570575                                                                   CACAGTTATGCTTCCTCAAATGCTGCTGAGCGAACACCCAGTCACAGT1774                           HisSerTyrAlaSerSerAsnAlaAlaGluArgThrProSerHisSer                               580585590                                                                      GGTCACCTCCAGGGTGAGCATCCCTACCTGACACCATCCCCAGAGTCT1822                           GlyHisLeuGlnGlyGluHisProTyrLeuThrProSerProGluSer                               595600605                                                                      CCTGACCAGTGGTCAAGTTCATCACCCCACTCTGCTTCTGACTGGTCA1870                           ProAspGlnTrpSerSerSerSerProHisSerAlaSerAspTrpSer                               610615620                                                                      GATGTGACCACCAGCCCTACCCCTGGGGGTGCTGGAGGAGGTCAGCGG1918                           AspValThrThrSerProThrProGlyGlyAlaGlyGlyGlyGlnArg                               625630635                                                                      GGACCTGGGACACACATGTCTGAGCCACCACACAACAACATGCAGGTT1966                           GlyProGlyThrHisMetSerGluProProHisAsnAsnMetGlnVal                               640645650655                                                                   TATGCGTGAGAGAGTCCACCTCCAGTGTAGAGACATAACTGACTTTTGTAAATGCT2022                   TyrAla                                                                         GCTGAGGAACAAATGAAGGTCATCCGGGAGAGAAATGAAGAAATCTCTGGAGCCAGCTTC2082               TAGAGGTAGGAAAGAGAAGATGTTCTTATTCAGATAATGCAAGAGAAGCAATTCGTCAGT2142               TTCACTGGGTATCTGCAAGGCTTATTGATTATTCTAATCTAATAAGACAAGTTTGTGGAA2202               ATGCAAGATGAATACAAGCCTTGGGTCCATGTTTACTCTCTTCTATTTGGAGAATAAGAT2262               GGATGCTTATTGAAGCCCAGACATTCTTGCAGCTTGGACTGCATTTTAAGCCCTGCAGGC2322               TTCTGCCATATCCATGAGAAGATTCTACACTAGCGTCCTGTTGGGAATTATGCCCTGGAA2382               TTCTGCCTGAATTGACCTACGCATCTCCTCCTCCTTGGACATTCTTTTGTCTTCATTTGG2442               TGCTTTTGGTTTTGCACCTCTCCGTGATTGTAGCCCTACCAGCATGTTATAGGGCAAGAC2502               CTTTGTGCTTTTGATCATTCTGGCCCATGAAAGCAACTTTGGTCTCCTTTCCCCTCCTGT2562               CTTCCCGGTATCCCTTGGAGTCTCACAAGGTTTACTTTGGTATGGTTCTCAGCACAAACC2622               TTTCAAGTATGTTGTTTCTTTGGAAAATGGACATACTGTATTGTGTTCTCCTGCATATAT2682               CATTCCTGGAGAGAGAAGGGGAGAAGAATACTTTTCTTCAACAAATTTTGGGGGCAGGAG2742               ATCCCTTCAAGAGGCTGCACCTTAATTTTTCTTGTCTGTGTGCAGGTCTTCATATAAACT2802               TTACCAGGAAGAAGGGTGTGAGTTTGTTGTTTTTCTGTGTATGGGCCTGGTCAGTGTAAA2862               GTTTTATCCTTGATAGTCTAGTTACTATGACCCTCCCCACTTTTTTAAAACCAGAAAAAG2922               GTTTGGAATGTTGGAATGACCAAGAGACAAGTTAACTCGTGCAAGAGCCAGTTACCCACC2982               CACAGGTCCCCCTACTTCCTGCCAAGCATTCCATTGACTGCCTGTATGGAACACATTTGT3042               CCCAGATCTGAGCATTCTAGGCCTGTTTCACTCACTCACCCAGCATATGAAACTAGTCTT3102               AACTGTTGAGCCTTTCCTTTCATATCCACAGAAGACACTGTCTCAAATGTTGTACCCTTG3162               CCATTTAGGACTGAACTTTCCTTAGCCCAAGGGACCCAGTGACAGTTGTCTTCCGTTTGT3222               CAGATGATCAGTCTCTACTGATTATCTTGCTGCTTAAAGGCCTGCTCACCAATCTTTCTT3282               TCACACCGTGTGGTCCGTGTTACTGGTATACCCAGTATGTTCTCACTGAAGACATGGACT3342               TTATATGTTCAAGTGCAGGAATTGGAAAGTTGGACTTGTTTTCTATGATCCAAAACAGCC3402               CTATAAGAAGGTTGGAAAAGGAGGAACTATATAGCAGCCTTTGCTATTTTCTGCTACCAT3462               TTCTTTTCCTCTGAAGCGGCCATGACATTCCCTTTGGCAACTAACGTAGAAACTCAACAG3522               AACATTTTCCTTTCCTAGAGTCACCTTTTAGATGATAATGGACAACTATAGACTTGCTCA3582               TTGTTCAGACTGATTGCCCCTCACCTGAATCCACTCTCTGTATTCATGCTCTTGGCAATT3642               TCTTTGACTTTCTTTTAAGGGCAGAAGCATTTTAGTTAATTGTAGATAAAGAATAGTTTT3702               CTTCCTCTTCTCCTTGGGCCAGTTAATAATTGGTCCATGGCTACACTGCAACTTCCGTCC3762               AGTGCTGTGATGCCCATGACACCTGCAAAATAAGTTCTGCCTGGGCATTTTGTAGATATT3822               AACAGGTGAATTCCCGACTCTTTTGGTTTGAATGACAGTTCTCATTCCTTCTATGGCTGC3882               AAGTATGCATCAGTGCTTCCCACTTACCTGATTTGTCTGTCGGTGGCCCCATATGGAAAC3942               CCTGCGTGTCTGTTGGCATAATAGTTTACAAATGGTTTTTTCAGTCCTATCCAAATTTAT4002               TGAACCAACAAAAATAATTACTTCTGCCCTGAGATAAGCAGATTAAGTTTGTTCATTCTC4062               TGCTTTATTCTCTCCATGTGGCAACATTCTGTCAGCCTCTTTCATAGTGTGCAAACATTT4122               TATCATTCTAAATGGTGACTCTCTGCCCTTGGACCCATTTATTATTCACAGATGGGGAGA4182               ACCTATCTGCATGGACCCTCACCATCCTCTGTGCAGCACACACAGTGCAGGGAGCCAGTG4242               GCGATGGCGATGACTTTCTTCCCCTG4268                                                 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:34:                                              (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 657 amino acids                                                    (B) TYPE: amino acid                                                           (D) TOPOLOGY: unknown                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein                                                    (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:34:                                       GluValAspValLeuAspValAsnValArgGlyProAspGlyCysThr                               151015                                                                         ProLeuMetLeuAlaSerLeuArgGlyGlySerSerAspLeuSerAsp                               202530                                                                         GluAspGluAspAlaGluAspSerSerAlaAsnIleIleThrAspLeu                               354045                                                                         ValTyrGlnGlyAlaSerLeuGlnAlaGlnThrAspArgThrGlyGlu                               505560                                                                         MetAlaLeuHisLeuAlaAlaArgTyrSerArgAlaAspAlaAlaLys                               65707580                                                                       ArgLeuLeuAspAlaGlyAlaAspAlaAsnAlaGlnAspAsnMetGly                               859095                                                                         ArgCysProLeuHisAlaAlaValAlaAlaAspAlaGlnGlyValPhe                               100105110                                                                      GlnIleLeuIleArgAsnArgValThrAspLeuAspAlaArgMetAsn                               115120125                                                                      AspGlyThrThrProLeuIleLeuAlaAlaArgLeuAlaValGluGly                               130135140                                                                      MetValAlaGluLeuIleAsnCysGlnAlaAspValAsnAlaValAsp                               145150155160                                                                   AspHisGlyLysSerAlaLeuHisTrpAlaAlaAlaValAsnAsnVal                               165170175                                                                      GluAlaThrLeuLeuLeuLeuLysAsnGlyAlaAsnArgAspMetGln                               180185190                                                                      AspAsnLysGluGluThrProLeuPheLeuAlaAlaArgGluGlySer                               195200205                                                                      TyrGluAlaAlaLysIleLeuLeuAspHisPheAlaAsnArgAspIle                               210215220                                                                      ThrAspHisMetAspArgLeuProArgAspValAlaArgAspArgMet                               225230235240                                                                   HisHisAspIleValArgLeuLeuAspGluTyrAsnValThrProSer                               245250255                                                                      ProProGlyThrValLeuThrSerAlaLeuSerProValIleCysGly                               260265270                                                                      ProAsnArgSerPheLeuSerLeuLysHisThrProMetGlyLysLys                               275280285                                                                      SerArgArgProSerAlaLysSerThrMetProThrSerLeuProAsn                               290295300                                                                      LeuAlaLysGluAlaLysAspAlaLysGlySerArgArgLysLysSer                               305310315320                                                                   LeuSerGluLysValGlnLeuSerGluSerSerValThrLeuSerPro                               325330335                                                                      ValAspSerLeuGluSerProHisThrTyrValSerAspThrThrSer                               340345350                                                                      SerProMetIleThrSerProGlyIleLeuGlnAlaSerProAsnPro                               355360365                                                                      MetLeuAlaThrAlaAlaProProAlaProValHisAlaGlnHisAla                               370375380                                                                      LeuSerPheSerAsnLeuHisGluMetGlnProLeuAlaHisGlyAla                               385390395400                                                                   SerThrValLeuProSerValSerGlnLeuLeuSerHisHisHisIle                               405410415                                                                      ValSerProGlySerGlySerAlaGlySerLeuSerArgLeuHisPro                               420425430                                                                      ValProValProAlaAspTrpMetAsnArgMetGluValAsnGluThr                               435440445                                                                      GlnTyrAsnGluMetPheGlyMetValLeuAlaProAlaGluGlyThr                               450455460                                                                      HisProGlyIleAlaProGlnSerArgProProGluGlyLysHisIle                               465470475480                                                                   ThrThrProArgGluProLeuProProIleValThrPheGlnLeuIle                               485490495                                                                      ProLysGlySerIleAlaGlnProAlaGlyAlaProGlnProGlnSer                               500505510                                                                      ThrCysProProAlaValAlaGlyProLeuProThrMetTyrGlnIle                               515520525                                                                      ProGluMetAlaArgLeuProSerValAlaPheProThrAlaMetMet                               530535540                                                                      ProGlnGlnAspGlyGlnValAlaGlnThrIleLeuProAlaTyrHis                               545550555560                                                                   ProPheProAlaSerValGlyLysTyrProThrProProSerGlnHis                               565570575                                                                      SerTyrAlaSerSerAsnAlaAlaGluArgThrProSerHisSerGly                               580585590                                                                      HisLeuGlnGlyGluHisProTyrLeuThrProSerProGluSerPro                               595600605                                                                      AspGlnTrpSerSerSerSerProHisSerAlaSerAspTrpSerAsp                               610615620                                                                      ValThrThrSerProThrProGlyGlyAlaGlyGlyGlyGlnArgGly                               625630635640                                                                   ProGlyThrHisMetSerGluProProHisAsnAsnMetGlnValTyr                               645650655                                                                      Ala                                                                            __________________________________________________________________________ 

What is claimed is:
 1. A substantially purified protein comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by the DNA sequence depicted in FIG. 19A (SEQ ID NO:13), 19B (SEQ ID NO:14) or 19C (SEQ ID NO:15), which is able to be bound by an antibody to a human Notch protein but not to a Notch protein of another species.
 2. A substantially purified protein comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by the DNA sequence depicted in FIG. 20A (SEQ ID NO:16), 20B (SEQ ID NO:17) or 20C (SEQ ID NO:18), or 20D (SEQ ID NO:19), which is able to be bound by an antibody to a human Notch protein but not to a Notch protein of another species.
 3. A substantially purified protein comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by the DNA sequence depicted in FIG. 21A (SEQ ID NO:20), or 21B (SEQ ID NO:21), which is able to be bound by an antibody to a human Notch protein but not to a Notch protein of another species.
 4. A substantially purified protein comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by the DNA sequence depicted in FIG. 22A (SEQ ID NO:22), 22B (SEQ ID NO:23) or 22C (SEQ ID NO:24), or 22D (SEQ ID NO:25), which is able to be bound by an antibody to a human Notch protein but not to a Notch protein of another species.
 5. A substantially purified protein comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by the DNA sequence depicted in FIG. 19A (SEQ ID NO:13), 19B (SEQ ID NO:14), 19C (SEQ ID NO:15), 20A (SEQ ID NO:16), 20B (SEQ ID NO:17), 20C (SEQ ID NO:18), 20D (SEQ ID NO:19), 21A (SEQ ID NO:20), 21B (SEQ ID NO:21), 22A (SEQ ID NO:22), 22B (SEQ ID NO:23), 22C (SEQ ID NO:24), or 22D (SEQ ID NO:25), which is able to be bound by an antibody to a human Notch protein but not to a Notch protein of another species.
 6. A substantially purified protein comprising the portion of a human Notch protein with the greatest homology over a sequence of at least 77 amino acids, to the epidermal growth factor-like repeats 11 and 12 of the Drosophila Notch sequence as shown in FIG. 8 (SEQ ID NO:1), in which the human Notch protein comprises the amino acid sequence depicted in FIG. 23 (SEQ ID NO:32) or in FIG. 24 (SEQ ID NO: 34).
 7. A chimeric protein comprising the protein of claim 1 joined to a heterologous protein sequence.
 8. A substantially purified protein comprising: a fragment of a human Notch protein consisting of at least 77 amino acids, in which the human Notch protein comprises the amino acid sequence depicted in FIG. 23 (SEQ ID NO:32) or in FIG. 24 (SEQ ID NO:34).
 9. A substantially purified protein comprising: a fragment of a human Notch protein consisting essentially of the extracellular domain of the protein, in which the human Notch protein comprises the amino acid sequence depicted in FIG. 23 (SEQ ID NO:32) or in FIG. 24 (SEQ ID NO:34).
 10. A substantially purified protein comprising: a fragment of a human Notch protein consisting essentially of the intracellular domain of the protein, in which the human Notch protein comprises the amino acid sequence depicted in FIG. 23 (SEQ ID NO:32) or in FIG. 24 (SEQ ID NO:34).
 11. A substantially purified protein comprising: a fragment of a human Notch protein consisting essentially of the extracellular and transmembrane domains of the protein, in which the human Notch protein comprises the amino acid sequence depicted in FIG. 23 (SEQ ID NO:32) or in FIG. 24 (SEQ ID NO:34).
 12. A substantially purified protein comprising: a fragment of a human Notch protein, said fragment consisting essentially of the intracellular domain of the protein, as encoded by a portion of plasmid hN3k as deposited with the ATCC and assigned accession number
 68609. 13. A substantially purified protein comprising: a fragment of a human Notch protein, said fragment consisting essentially of the intracellular domain of the protein, as encoded by a portion of plasmid hN5k as deposited with the ATCC and assigned accession number
 68611. 14. A substantially purified protein comprising: a fragment of a human Notch protein, said fragment consisting essentially of the region containing the cdc10 repeats of the protein, in which the human Notch protein comprises the amino acid sequence depicted in FIG. 23 (SEQ ID NO:32) or in FIG. 24 (SEQ ID NO:34).
 15. A substantially purified protein comprising: a fragment of a human Notch protein, said fragment consisting essentially of the region containing the cdc10 repeats, as encoded by a portion of plasmid hN3k as deposited with the ATCC and assigned accession number
 68611. 16. A substantially purified protein comprising: a fragment of a human Notch protein, said fragment consisting essentially of the region containing the cdc10 repeats, as encoded by a portion of plasmid hN5k as deposited with the ATCC and assigned accession number
 68611. 17. A substantially purified protein comprising a region of a human Notch protein containing the epidermal growth factor-like repeats of the protein, in which the human Notch protein comprises the amino acid sequence depicted in FIG. 23 (SEQ ID NO:32) or in FIG. 24 (SEQ ID NO:34).
 18. A substantially purified fragment of a human Notch protein substantially lacking the epidermal growth factor-like repeats of the protein, which fragment is able to be bound by an antibody to a human Notch protein but not to a Notch protein of another species, in which the human Notch protein comprises the amino acid sequence depicted in FIG. 23 (SEQ ID NO:32) or in FIG. 24 (SEQ ID NO:34).
 19. A substantially purified fragment of a human Notch protein lacking a portion of the epidermal growth factor-like repeats of the protein, which fragment is able to be bound by an antibody to a human Notch protein but not to a Notch protein of another species, in which the human Notch protein comprises the amino acid sequence depicted in FIG. 23 (SEQ ID NO:32) or in FIG. 24 (SEQ ID NO:34).
 20. A substantially purified protein comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by at least 121 nucleotides of the human cDNA sequence contained in plasmid hN3k as deposited with the ATCC and assigned accession number
 68609. 21. A substantially purified protein comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by at least 121 nucleotides of the human cDNA sequence contained in plasmid hN4k as deposited with the ATCC and assigned accession number
 68610. 22. A substantially purified protein comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by at least 121 nucleotides of the human cDNA sequence contained in plasmid hN5k as deposited with the ATCC and assigned accession number
 68611. 23. A substantially purified fragment of a human Notch protein consisting essentially of the intracellular domain of the protein, in which the human Notch protein comprises the amino acid sequence depicted in FIG. 23 (SEQ ID NO:32) or in FIG. 24 (SEQ ID NO:34).
 24. A substantially purified fragment of a human Notch protein consisting essentially of the extracellular domain of the protein, in which the human Notch protein comprises the amino acid sequence depicted in FIG. 23 (SEQ ID NO:32) or in FIG. 24 (SEQ ID NO:34).
 25. A substantially purified fragment of a human Notch protein consisting essentially of the extracellular and transmembrane domains of the protein, in which the human Notch protein comprises the amino acid sequence depicted in FIG. 23 (SEQ ID NO:32) or in FIG. 24 (SEQ ID NO:34).
 26. A chimeric protein comprising the fragment of claim 18 joined to a heterologous protein sequence.
 27. A chimeric protein comprising the fragment of claim 19 joined to a heterologous protein sequence.
 28. A substantially purified protein comprising a fragment of the Notch protein sequence encoded by the human cDNA sequence contained in plasmid hN3k as deposited with the ATCC and assigned accession number 68609, which fragment is able to be bound by an antibody to a human Notch protein but not to a Notch protein of another species.
 29. A substantially purified protein comprising a fragment of the Notch protein sequence encoded by the human cDNA sequence contained in plasmid hN4k as deposited with the ATCC and assigned accession number 68610, which fragment is able to be bound by an antibody to a human Notch protein but not to a Notch protein of another species.
 30. A substantially purified protein comprising a fragment of the Notch protein sequence encoded by the human cDNA sequence contained in plasmid hN5k as deposited with the ATCC and assigned accession number 68611, which fragment is able to be bound by an antibody to a human Notch protein but not to a Notch protein of another species.
 31. A substantially purified protein comprising the amino acid sequence depicted in FIG. 23 (SEQ ID NO:32).
 32. A substantially purified protein comprising the amino acid sequence depicted in FIG. 24 (SEQ ID NO:34).
 33. A substantially purified protein comprising the Notch amino acid sequence encoded by the human Notch DNA sequence contained in plasmid hN3k as deposited with the ATCC and assigned accession number
 68609. 34. A substantially purified protein comprising the Notch amino acid sequence encoded by the human Notch DNA sequence contained in plasmid hN5k as deposited with the ATCC and assigned accession number
 68611. 35. A substantially pure fragment of a Notch protein, which fragment is characterized by the ability in vitro, when expressed on the surface of a first cell to bind to a Delta protein expressed on the surface of a second cell, in which the fragment does not contain epidermal growth factor-like repeats 7-9.
 36. A substantially pure fragment of a Notch protein, which fragment is characterized by the ability in vitro, when expressed on the surface of a first cell to bind to a Delta protein expressed on the surface of a second cell, in which the fragment does not contain epidermal factor-like repeats 17-26.
 37. A substantially pure fragment of a Notch protein, which fragment is characterized by the ability in vitro, when expressed on the surface of a first cell to bind to a Delta protein expressed on the surface of a second cell, in which the fragment does not contain epidermal growth factor-like repeats 7-9 and 17-30.
 38. A substantially pure fragment of a Notch protein, which fragment is characterized by the ability in vitro, when expressed on the surface of a first cell to bind to a Delta protein expressed on the surface of a second cell, in which the fragment does not contain epidermal growth factor-like repeats 1-10 and 13-36.
 39. A substantially pure fragment of a Notch protein, which fragment is characterized by the ability in vitro, when expressed on the surface of a first cell to bind to a Delta protein expressed on the surface of a second cell, in which the fragment consists essentially of the portion of the Notch protein with the greatest homology over a sequence of at least 77 amino acids to the epidermal growth factor-like repeats 11 and 12 of the Drosophila Notch sequence as shown in FIG. 8 (SEQ ID NO:1).
 40. The fragment of claim 35, 36, 37 or 38 in which the Notch protein is a Drosophila Notch protein.
 41. The fragment of claim 35, 36, 37 or 38 in which the Notch protein is a Xenopus Notch protein.
 42. A chimeric protein comprising the fragment of claim 35, 36, 37 or 38 joined to a heterologous protein sequence.
 43. A substantially purified protein comprising the portion of a human Notch protein with the greatest homology over a sequence of at least 77 amino acids, to the epidermal growth factor-like repeats 11 and 12 of the Drosophila Notch sequence as shown in FIG. 8 (SEQ ID NO:1), in which the human Notch protein (a) is able to be bound by an antibody to a Notch protein, and (b) is encoded by a first nucleic acid hybridizable to a second nucleic acid having the human Notch nucleotide sequence contained in (i) plasmid hN3k as deposited with the ATCC and assigned accession number 68609, or (ii) plasmid hN5k as deposited with the ATCC and assigned accession number
 68611. 44. A substantially purified derivative of the protein of claim 31 or 32 having an insertion, substitution, or deletion relative to the protein, which derivative is characterized by the ability in vitro, when expressed on the surface of a first cell, to bind to a Delta protein expressed on the surface of a second cell.
 45. A substantially purified protein comprising: a fragment of a human Notch protein consisting of at least 77 amino acids, in which the human Notch protein (a) is able to be bound by an antibody to a Notch protein, and (b) is encoded by a first nucleic acid hybridizable to a second nucleic acid having the human Notch nucleotide sequence contained in (i) plasmid hN3k as deposited with the ATCC and assigned accession number 68609, or (ii) plasmid hN5k as deposited with the ATCC and assigned accession number
 68611. 46. A substantially purified protein comprising: a fragment of a human Notch protein consisting essentially of the extracellular domain of the protein, in which the human Notch protein (a) is able to be bound by an antibody to a Notch protein, and (b) is encoded by a first nucleic acid hybridizable to a second nucleic acid having the human Notch nucleotide sequence contained in (i) plasmid hN3k as deposited with the ATCC and assigned accession number 68609, or (ii) plasmid hN5k as deposited with the ATCC and assigned accession number
 68611. 47. A substantially purified protein comprising: a fragment of a human Notch protein consisting essentially of the intracellular domain of the protein, in which the human Notch protein (a) is able to be bound by an antibody to a Notch protein, and (b) is encoded by a first nucleic acid hybridizable to a second nucleic acid having the human Notch nucleotide sequence contained in (i) plasmid hN3k as deposited with the ATCC and assigned accession number 68609, or (ii) plasmid hN5k as deposited with the ATCC and assigned accession number
 68611. 48. A substantially purified protein comprising: a fragment of a human Notch protein consisting essentially of the extracellular and transmembrane domains of the protein, in which the human Notch protein (a) is able to be bound by an antibody to a Notch protein, and (b) is encoded by a first nucleic acid hybridizable to a second nucleic acid having the human Notch nucleotide sequence contained in (i) plasmid hN3k as deposited with the ATCC and assigned accession number 68609, or (ii) plasmid hN5k as deposited with the ATCC and assigned accession number
 68611. 49. A substantially purified protein comprising: a fragment of a human Notch protein, said fragment consisting essentially of the region containing the cdc10 repeats of the protein, in which the human Notch protein (a) is able to be bound by an antibody to a Notch protein, and (b) is encoded by a first nucleic acid sequence hybridizable to a second nucleic acid having the human Notch nucleotide sequence contained in (i) plasmid hN3k as deposited with the ATCC and assigned accession number 68609, or (ii) plasmid hN5k as deposited with the ATCC and assigned accession number
 68611. 50. A substantially purified protein comprising a region of a human Notch protein containing the epidermal growth factor-like repeats of the protein, in which the human Notch protein (a) is able to be bound by an antibody to a Notch protein, and (b) is encoded by a first nucleic acid hybridizable to a second nucleic acid having the human Notch nucleotide sequence contained in (i) plasmid hN3k as deposited with the ATCC and assigned accession number 68609, or (ii) plasmid hN5k as deposited with the ATCC and assigned accession number
 68611. 51. A substantially purified protein comprising a region of a human Notch protein containing the Notch/lin-12 repeats of the protein, in which the human Notch protein comprises the amino acid sequence depicted in FIG. 23 (SEQ ID NO:32) or in FIG. 24 (SEQ ID NO:34).
 52. A substantially purified protein comprising a region of a human Notch protein containing the Notch/lin-12 repeats of the protein, in which the human Notch protein (a) is able to be bound by an antibody to a Notch protein, and (b) is encoded by a first nucleic acid hybridizable to a second nucleic acid having the human Notch nucleotide sequence contained in (i) plasmid hN3k as deposited with the ATCC and assigned accession number 68609, or (ii) plasmid hN5k as deposited with the ATCC and assigned accession number
 68611. 53. A substantially purified fragment of a human Notch protein substantially lacking the epidermal growth factor-like repeats of the protein, which fragment is able to be bound by an antibody to a human Notch protein but not to a Notch protein of another species, in which the human Notch protein (a) is able to be bound by an antibody to a Notch protein, and (b) is encoded by a first nucleic acid hybridizable to a second nucleic acid having the human Notch nucleotide sequence contained in (i) plasmid hN3k as deposited with the ATCC and assigned accession number 68609, or (ii) plasmid hN5k as deposited with the ATCC and assigned accession number
 68611. 54. A substantially purified fragment of a human Notch protein lacking a portion of the epidermal growth factor-like repeats of the protein, which fragment is able to be bound by an antibody to a human Notch protein but not to a Notch protein of another species, in which the human Notch protein (a) is able to be bound by an antibody to a Notch protein, and (b) is encoded by a first nucleic acid sequence hybridizable to a second nucleic acid having the human Notch nucleotide sequence contained in (i) plasmid hN3k as deposited with the ATCC and assigned accession number 68609, or (ii) plasmid hN5k as deposited with the ATCC and assigned accession number
 68611. 55. A substantially purified fragment of a human Notch protein consisting essentially of the intracellular domain of the protein, in which the human Notch protein (a) is able to be bound by an antibody to a Notch protein, and (b) is encoded by a first nucleic acid hybridizable to a second nucleic acid having the human Notch nucleotide sequence contained in (i) plasmid hN3k as deposited with the ATCC and assigned accession number 68609, or (ii) plasmid hN5k as deposited with the ATCC and assigned accession number
 68611. 56. A substantially purified fragment of a human Notch protein consisting essentially of the extracellular domain of the protein, in which the human Notch protein (a) is able to be bound by an antibody to a Notch protein, and (b) is encoded by a first nucleic acid hybridizable to a second nucleic acid having the human Notch nucleotide sequence contained in (i) plasmid hN3k as deposited with the ATCC and assigned accession number 68609, or (ii) plasmid hN5k as deposited with the ATCC and assigned accession number
 68611. 57. A substantially purified fragment of a human Notch protein consisting essentially of the extracellular and transmembrane domains of the protein, in which the human Notch protein (a) is able to be bound by an antibody to a Notch protein, and (b) is encoded by a first nucleic acid hybridizable to a second nucleic acid having the human Notch nucleotide sequence contained in (i) plasmid hN3k as deposited with the ATCC and assigned accession number 68609, or (ii) plasmid hN5k as deposited with the ATCC and assigned accession number
 68611. 58. A substantially purified fragment of a protein, said protein comprising the amino acid sequence depicted in FIG. 23 (SEQ ID NO:32), which fragment is characterized by the ability in vitro, when expressed on the surface of a first cell, to bind to a Delta protein expressed on the surface of a second cell.
 59. A substantially purified fragment of a protein, said protein comprising the amino acid sequence depicted in FIG. 24 (SEQ ID NO:34), which fragment is characterized by the ability in vitro, when expressed on the surface of a first cell, to bind to a Delta protein expressed on the surface of a second cell.
 60. A substantially purified fragment of a human Notch protein, which fragment is characterized by the ability in vitro, when expressed on the surface of a first cell to bind to a Delta protein expressed on the surface of a second cell, in which the fragment does not contain epidermal growth factor-like repeats 7-9, and in which the human Notch protein comprises the amino acid sequence depicted in FIG. 23 (SEQ ID NO:32) or in FIG. 24 (SEQ ID NO:34).
 61. A substantially purified fragment of a human Notch protein, which fragment is characterized by the ability in vitro, when expressed on the surface of a first cell to bind to a Delta protein expressed on the surface of a second cell, in which the fragment does not contain epidermal growth factor-like repeats 7-9, and in which the human Notch protein (a) is able to be bound by an antibody to a Notch protein, and (b) is encoded by a first nucleic acid hybridizable to a second nucleic acid having the human Notch nucleotide sequence contained in (i) plasmid hN3k as deposited with the ATCC and assigned accession number 68609, or (ii) plasmid hN5k as deposited with the ATCC and assigned accession number
 68611. 62. A substantially purified fragment of a human Notch protein, which fragment is characterized by the ability in vitro, when expressed on the surface of a first cell to bind to a Delta protein expressed on the surface of a second cell, in which the fragment does not contain epidermal growth factor-like repeats 17-26, and in which the human Notch protein comprises the amino acid sequence depicted in FIG. 23 (SEQ ID NO:32) or in FIG. 24 (SEQ ID NO:34).
 63. A substantially purified fragment of a human Notch protein, which fragment is characterized by the ability in vitro, when expressed on the surface of a first cell to bind to a Delta protein expressed on the surface of a second cell, in which the fragment does not contain epidermal growth factor-like repeats 17-26, and in which the human Notch protein (a) is able to be bound by an antibody to a Notch protein, and (b) is encoded by a first nucleic acid hybridizable to a second nucleic acid having the human Notch nucleotide sequence contained in (i) plasmid hN3k as deposited with the ATCC and assigned accession number 68609, or (ii) plasmid hN5k as deposited with the ATCC and assigned accession number
 68611. 64. A substantially purified fragment of a human Notch protein, which fragment is characterized by the ability in vitro, when expressed on the surface of a first cell to bind to a Delta protein expressed on the surface of a second cell, in which the fragment does not contain epidermal growth factor-like repeats 7-9 and 17-30, and in which the human Notch protein comprises the amino acid sequence depicted in FIG. 23 (SEQ ID NO:32) or in FIG. 24 (SEQ ID NO:34).
 65. A substantially purified fragment of a human Notch protein, which fragment is characterized by the ability in vitro, when expressed on the surface of a first cell to bind to a Delta protein expressed on the surface of a second cell, in which the fragment does not contain epidermal growth factor-like repeats 7-9 and 17-30, and in which the human Notch protein (a) is able to be bound by an antibody to a Notch protein, and (b) is encoded by a first nucleic acid hybridizable to a second nucleic acid having the human Notch nucleotide sequence contained in (i) plasmid hN3k as deposited with the ATCC and assigned accession number 68609, or (ii) plasmid hN5k as deposited with the ATCC and assigned accession number
 68611. 66. A substantially purified fragment of a human Notch protein, which fragment is characterized by the ability in vitro, when expressed on the surface of a first cell to bind to a Delta protein expressed on the surface of a second cell, in which the fragment does not contain epidermal growth factor-like repeats 1-10 and 13-36, and in which the human Notch protein comprises the amino acid sequence depicted in FIG. 23 (SEQ ID NO:32) or in FIG. 24 (SEQ ID NO:34).
 67. A substantially purified fragment of a human Notch protein, which fragment is characterized by the ability in vitro, when expressed on the surface of a first cell to bind to a Delta protein expressed on the surface of a second cell, in which the fragment does not contain epidermal growth factor-like repeats 1-10 and 13-36, and in which the human Notch protein (a) is able to be bound by an antibody to a Notch protein, and (b) is encoded by a first nucleic acid hybridizable to a second nucleic acid having the human Notch nucleotide sequence contained in (i) plasmid hN3k as deposited with the ATCC and assigned accession number 68609, or (ii) plasmid hN5k as deposited with the ATCC and assigned accession number
 68611. 68. A substantially purified fragment of a human Notch protein, which fragment is characterized by the ability in vitro, when expressed on the surface of a first cell to bind to a Delta protein expressed on the surface of a second cell, in which the fragment consists essentially of the portion of the Notch protein with the greatest homology over a sequence of at least 77 amino acids to the epidermal growth factor-like repeats 11 and 12 of the Drosophila Notch sequence as shown in FIG. 8 (SEQ ID NO:1), and in which the human Notch protein comprises the amino acid sequence depicted in FIG. 23 (SEQ ID NO:32) or in FIG. 24 (SEQ ID NO: 34).
 69. A substantially purified fragment of a human Notch protein, which fragment is characterized by the ability in vitro, when expressed on the surface of a first cell to bind to a Delta protein expressed on the surface of a second cell, in which the fragment consists essentially of the portion of the Notch protein with the greatest homology over a sequence of at least 77 amino acids to the epidermal growth factor-like repeats 11 and 12 of the Drosophila Notch sequence as shown in FIG. 8 (SEQ ID NO:1), and in which the human Notch protein (a) is able to be bound by an antibody to a Notch protein, and (b) is encoded by a first nucleic acid hybridizable to a second nucleic acid having the human Notch nucleotide sequence contained in (i) plasmid hN3k as deposited with the ATCC and assigned accession number 68609, or (ii) plasmid hN5k as deposited with the ATCC and assigned accession number
 68611. 70. A chimeric protein comprising the fragment of claim 60, 62, 64 or 66 joined to a heterologous protein sequence.
 71. A substantially purified fragment of the protein of claim 31 or 32, which fragment is characterized by the ability to be bound by an antibody to a human Notch protein but not to a Notch protein of another species.
 72. A chimetic protein comprising the fragment of claim 58, 59 or 69, joined to a heterologous protein sequence.
 73. A substantially purified derivative of the protein of claim 31 or 32 having an insertion, substitution or deletion relative to the protein, which derivative is characterized by the ability to be bound by an antibody to a human Notch protein but not to a Notch protein of another species.
 74. A chimeric protein comprising the derivative of claim 73 joined to a heterologous protein sequence.
 75. A substantially purified human protein that (a) is able to be bound by an antibody to a Notch protein, and (b) is encoded by a nucleic acid hybridizable to a second nucleic acid having the human Notch nucleotide sequence contained in (i) plasmid hN3k as deposited with the ATCC and assigned accession number 68609, or (ii) plasmid hN5k as deposited with the ATCC and assigned accession number
 68611. 76. A substantially purified derivative of the fragment of claim 35 having an insertion, substitution, or deletion relative to the fragment, which is characterized by the ability in vitro, when expressed on the surface of a first cell, to bind to a Delta protein expressed on the surface of a second cell, which derivative does not contain epidermal growth factor-like repeats 7-9 of the Notch protein.
 77. A substantially purified derivative of the fragment of claim 36 having an insertion, substitution, or deletion relative to the fragment, which is characterized by the ability in vitro, when expressed on the surface of a first cell, to bind to a Delta protein expressed on the surface of a second cell, which derivative does not contain epidermal growth factor-like repeats 17-26 of the Notch protein.
 78. A substantially purified derivative of tim fragment of claim 37 having an insertion, substitution, or deletion relative to the fragment, which is characterized by the ability in vitro, when expressed on the surface of a first cell, to bind to a Delta protein expressed on the surface of a second cell, which derivative does not contain epidermal growth factor-like repeats 7-9 and 17-30 of the Notch protein.
 79. A substantially purified derivative of the fragment of claim 38 having an insertion, substitution, or deflection relative to the fragment, which is characterized by the ability in vitro, when expressed on the surface of a first cell, to bind to a Delta protein expressed on the surface of a second cell, which derivative does not contain epidermal growth factor-like repeats 1-10 and 13-36 of the Notch protein.
 80. A substantially purified derivative of the fragment of claim 60 having an insertion, substitution, or deletion relative to the fragment, which derivative is characterized by the ability in vitro, when expressed on the surface of a first cell, to bind to a Delta protein expressed on the surface of a second cell, which derivative does not contain epidermal growth factor-like repeats 7-9 of the Notch protein.
 81. A substantially purified derivative of the fragment of claim 62 having an insertion, substitution, or deletion relative to the fragment, which derivative is characterized by the ability in vitro, when expressed on the surface of a first cell, to bind to a Delta protein expressed on the surface of a second cell, which derivative does not contain epidermal growth factor-like repeats 17-26 of the Notch protein.
 82. A substantially purified derivative of the fragment of claim 64 having an insertion, substitution, or deletion relative to the fragment, which derivative is characterized by the ability in vitro, when expressed on the surface of a first cell, to bind to a Delta protein expressed on the surface of a second cell, which derivative does not contain epidermal growth factor-like repeats 7-9 and 17-30 of the Notch protein.
 83. A substantially purified derivative of the fragment of claim 66 having an insertion, substitution, or deletion relative to the fragment, which derivative is characterized by the ability in vitro, when expressed on the surface of a first cell, to bind to a Delta protein expressed on the surface of a second cell which derivative does not contain epidermal growth factor-like repeats 1-10 and 13-36 of the Notch protein. 